【摘要】：20世紀(jì)70年代，地膜覆蓋技術(shù)開始興起并在歐洲、美國(guó)、日本等國(guó)家迅速普及，因?yàn)樵霎a(chǎn)效果好，在我國(guó)大面積推廣使用，目前，我國(guó)每年地膜使用量約120萬(wàn)噸，地膜覆蓋作物已超過(guò)50種；每年地膜覆蓋面積達(dá)2.5億畝，應(yīng)用區(qū)域遍及全國(guó)。但是農(nóng)用地膜殘留的危害不容忽視。因在自然條件下極難降解，在土壤內(nèi)可存在200～400年，存留的農(nóng)用膜破壞土壤的物理和化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)，可抑制土壤微生物的生長(zhǎng)，最終導(dǎo)致作物難以發(fā)芽出苗，作物減產(chǎn)，影響農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量，使農(nóng)民的收入受到極大的影響。 本論文采用查閱文獻(xiàn)法、系統(tǒng)分析法、比較研究法和定性與定量相結(jié)合的方法，通過(guò)對(duì)甘肅、寧夏、新疆等地農(nóng)用地膜利用和回收現(xiàn)狀，以及相關(guān)財(cái)政支持政策展開分析研究，，系統(tǒng)梳理財(cái)政政策支持的重點(diǎn)方向和主要內(nèi)容，研究提出建立財(cái)政支持政策等相關(guān)建議。 論文經(jīng)過(guò)研究得出以下結(jié)論和建議：一是農(nóng)用地膜使用量大，地膜殘留污染防治應(yīng)給予重視；二是需要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)各級(jí)財(cái)政政策支持；三是相關(guān)科技研究需要加強(qiáng)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，提出三方面建議：一是加強(qiáng)宣傳引導(dǎo)。使得廣大人民群眾尤其農(nóng)民（農(nóng)業(yè)專業(yè)合作社、從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)，以下簡(jiǎn)稱農(nóng)民）和回收利用企業(yè)充分認(rèn)識(shí)地膜殘留的危害和存在的利潤(rùn)；二是加強(qiáng)農(nóng)田地膜殘留污染監(jiān)控和防治，摸清底數(shù)、制定規(guī)劃、分級(jí)防治；三是強(qiáng)化科技支撐，重視成果應(yīng)用。將地膜污染防治列入科技重點(diǎn)支持項(xiàng)目，依托大專院校和科研院所，針對(duì)殘膜資源化利用、可降解地膜、機(jī)械回收等關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題加強(qiáng)科研攻關(guān)，同時(shí)，加快科技成果應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)化；四是建立扶持政策，完善長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制。針對(duì)使用、回收、再利用等環(huán)節(jié)，對(duì)農(nóng)民、企業(yè)等主體給予補(bǔ)助和扶持，引導(dǎo)其可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:In the 1970s, film mulching technology began to rise and was rapidly popularized in Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries. Because of the good effect of increasing production, it was widely used in China. At present, the annual use of plastic film in China is about 1.2 million tons. More than 50 kinds of mulching crops have been covered by plastic film; Plastic film covers an area of 250 million mu each year, the application of the region throughout the country. However, the harm of agricultural mulching film residue can not be ignored. Because it is extremely difficult to degrade under natural conditions and can exist in the soil for 200 ~ 400 years, the remaining agricultural film destroys the physical and chemical structure of the soil, inhibits the growth of soil microbes, and finally leads to the difficulty of crop germination and emergence, and the reduction of crop yield. Affect the output and quality of agricultural products, so that farmers' income is greatly affected. In this paper, the methods of literature review, systematic analysis, comparative research and qualitative and quantitative analysis are used to analyze and study the current situation of agricultural film utilization and recovery in Gansu, Ningxia and Xinjiang, as well as related financial support policies. This paper systematically combs the key directions and main contents of fiscal policy support, and puts forward some relevant suggestions such as establishing fiscal support policy and so on. The conclusions and suggestions of this paper are as follows: first, the amount of plastic film used in agriculture is large, and the prevention and control of film residual pollution should be paid more attention to; second, the support of fiscal policies at all levels should be further strengthened; third, the relevant scientific and technological research needs to be strengthened. On this basis, put forward three aspects of suggestions: first, strengthen propaganda and guidance. Make the masses of people, especially farmers (agricultural cooperatives, enterprises engaged in agricultural production, hereinafter referred to as farmers) and recycling enterprises fully understand the harm of plastic film residues and existing profits; The second is to strengthen the monitoring and control of the residual pollution of farmland mulching film, to find out the floor number, to formulate plans, and to prevent and cure it at different levels; third, to strengthen the support of science and technology, and to attach importance to the application of results. The prevention and control of plastic film pollution should be included in the key scientific and technological support projects, relying on universities, colleges and research institutes, strengthening scientific research and tackling key problems such as the utilization of residual film resources, degradable plastic film and mechanical recovery, and speeding up the application and transformation of scientific and technological achievements; Fourth, establish support policy, perfect long-term effect mechanism. In order to guide the sustainable development of farmers and enterprises, the farmers and enterprises should be subsidized and supported in the aspects of use, recovery and reuse.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：S316;F812.8

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本文編號(hào)：2370504