我國房地產(chǎn)稅制改革研究
本文選題:房地產(chǎn)稅制改革 + 房地產(chǎn)稅。 參考:《中共中央黨!2014年博士論文
【摘要】:房地產(chǎn)稅是我國地方稅收體系中的一個重要稅種,是我國地方政府籌集財政收入的重要政策工具,對加強房地產(chǎn)市場宏觀調(diào)控,規(guī)范房地產(chǎn)市場,調(diào)節(jié)收入分配,促進社會公平都具有十分重要的意義。但由于房地產(chǎn)市場在我國自形成至今也不過20年左右,目前還處于十分不成熟階段,房地產(chǎn)稅收制度也不健全,導致房地產(chǎn)市場處于瀕臨失控狀態(tài)。針對目前房地產(chǎn)市場還有許多不完善的地方,比如在房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)過程和交易過程中存在著稅與費重復交叉、費與稅混淆、費排擠稅等現(xiàn)象,另外,稅收政策不統(tǒng)一、稅負不公平、房地產(chǎn)稅收收入規(guī)模偏小,不能滿足地方財政的需要、稅種結構不合理、征稅范圍過于狹窄、計稅依據(jù)不科學等,房地產(chǎn)稅收征收管理中存在的這些問題,導致我國房地產(chǎn)稅滯后于房地行業(yè)的發(fā)展,這嚴重影響著我國房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。因此,政府、學者和民眾都呼喚加快房地產(chǎn)稅制改革,這也是完善我國地方稅收體系,優(yōu)化稅制結構,更好地促進經(jīng)濟、社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展,早日全面建成小康社會的迫切要求。 本文從房地產(chǎn)稅的基本理論出發(fā),明確房地產(chǎn)稅的基本內(nèi)涵和社會功能,探尋房地產(chǎn)稅收的淵源,以我國的房地產(chǎn)稅收制度為例,闡述了我國房地產(chǎn)稅收的演化歷史和基本概況。通過對美國、英國、日本和香港等發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)的房地產(chǎn)稅收制度分析,從房地產(chǎn)稅收制度的體系、稅收制度具體因素、稅收管理、以及稅收制度建設等方面進行綜合比較,闡述了健全我國房地產(chǎn)稅制需要具備的條件以及設置水平。對比我國現(xiàn)行房地產(chǎn)稅收的現(xiàn)狀,分析了我國稅收制度中存在的問題和不足,并提出稅制改革的建議: 一是健全征收管理體制。落實地產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權登記制度,實行房屋與土地產(chǎn)權證書的合并,建立完善的房地產(chǎn)價值評估制度、增設房地產(chǎn)評稅機構、完善城市房地產(chǎn)管理體制,為征收房地產(chǎn)稅奠定好牢固的基礎。 二是增加征稅種類。隨著社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和個人財產(chǎn)的不斷增加,高收入者逐步掌握了更多的房地產(chǎn)資源,對征收私人房產(chǎn)稅是社會發(fā)展的必然趨勢,我國目前已具備這樣的條件。 三是稅收體系的規(guī)范化。憑借規(guī)律逐步規(guī)范稅種,寬松對待稅基,進一步來簡化稅收制度,嚴格征稅過程中的各項管理工作,保持低水平的稅率工作。這樣一個稅收準則是根據(jù)我國目前的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展狀況和社會發(fā)展狀況等實際情況制定的。無論是房產(chǎn)的各個環(huán)節(jié),包括保有房產(chǎn)和流轉以及收入方面都要改變稅種重復和稅基交叉的現(xiàn)象。 四是征收物業(yè)稅。國家可先讓非普通住宅繳納物業(yè)稅,再向部分普通住宅征收物業(yè)稅,將住宅格局調(diào)整為征稅住宅和不征稅住宅。在一開始對物業(yè)稅進行征收的時候,只有不多的居所是征收對象,,漸漸地把這個稅種的征收對象擴大了。 五是整治房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)收費。政府需廢除不合理的房地產(chǎn)收費,減輕居民的負擔,將經(jīng)營性的收費和行政事業(yè)收費分離開來,使政府行為得到規(guī)范,將真正屬于稅的各種費確定為稅收,其主要內(nèi)容為:將土地征收管理費、農(nóng)民耕地復耕基金、新菜地建設基金等確定為耕地占用稅;將土地閑置費更名為土地閑置稅。以2001-2010年我國房地產(chǎn)市場的數(shù)據(jù)收集和分析,分析房地產(chǎn)稅制改革對房地產(chǎn)市場、社會公共財政收入等方面的影響,為后期房地產(chǎn)稅制改革方案的實施作鋪墊。根據(jù)本文的研究思路,研究過程中得出的相關結論如下: (1)房地產(chǎn)稅主要通過改變房地產(chǎn)市場主體的交易成本,對房地產(chǎn)市場產(chǎn)生調(diào)控作用,使房地產(chǎn)的價格受到房地產(chǎn)交易數(shù)量、房地產(chǎn)稅和地方的公共支出等因素的共同作用。目前,我國房地產(chǎn)稅制采用的是“內(nèi)外不同,兩套稅制并存”的稅收政策。具體政策有如下4個方面:①內(nèi)外兩套所得稅。對國內(nèi)房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)征收企業(yè)所得稅,而對于外國企業(yè)及外資企業(yè)征收外國企業(yè)所得稅及外商投資企業(yè)所得稅。②內(nèi)外有別的兩套房產(chǎn)稅及土地稅。目前,對國內(nèi)企業(yè)征收房產(chǎn)稅和城鎮(zhèn)土地使用稅,而對國外企業(yè)與外資企業(yè)僅僅是征收城市房地產(chǎn)稅,況且只對房產(chǎn)課稅,對地產(chǎn)不課稅。③實施內(nèi)外有別的城建稅與教育費附加。對國內(nèi)房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)征收城市維護建設稅及教育費附加,而對外資企業(yè)及外國企業(yè)不征收城建稅和教育費附加。④內(nèi)外有異的耕地占用稅政策。耕地占用稅僅對國內(nèi)企業(yè)征收,而外資企業(yè)與外國企業(yè)不征收耕地占用稅。耕地占用稅、契稅等都屬地方稅,這些稅種的改革與完善,有利于增加地方財政收入,合理配置房地產(chǎn)資源,優(yōu)化社會財富再分配。 (2)根據(jù)分析對比,我國房地產(chǎn)稅收存在諸如費和稅分類不清、稅制結構不合理、計稅依據(jù)不規(guī)范、稅基不科學、稅收調(diào)節(jié)功能弱等問題。 (3)稅收法律法規(guī)多變。目前我國房地產(chǎn)各稅之中,其基本都為國家行政機關制訂、發(fā)布的《暫行規(guī)定》或《暫行條例》等,通常不是由全國人大或人大常委會公布的法律法規(guī),其立法層次比較低。有些稅種是從20世紀50年代開始征收的,多次廢立或者變更,嚴重影響國家稅法的嚴肅性與權威性。房地產(chǎn)稅制改革應該從立法程序上、稅制的設計和制定以及社會的經(jīng)濟和政治環(huán)境要素三個方面進一步完善,從而使我國房地產(chǎn)稅的法律法規(guī)及體制更加健全。 (4)就我國目前房地產(chǎn)稅存在的問題,提出了增加房地產(chǎn)稅中間環(huán)節(jié)稅收、征收契稅、合并土地出讓金與房地產(chǎn)稅、加強房地產(chǎn)稅收監(jiān)管和政策執(zhí)行力度。要對房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)流轉環(huán)節(jié)、房地產(chǎn)取得環(huán)節(jié)和房地產(chǎn)保有環(huán)節(jié)進行合理、有序科學的安排,將房產(chǎn)稅收收入的重點放在房地產(chǎn)保有環(huán)節(jié),以縮減并最終替代房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)流轉環(huán)節(jié)和取得環(huán)節(jié)的稅收。 總而言之,為了進一步理順省以下財權與事權不匹配的關系,完善地方稅收體系,發(fā)揮稅收對收入分配差距和財富再分配優(yōu)化的調(diào)節(jié)功能,解決地方政府過度依賴土地財政的困局,推進我國稅制結構的優(yōu)化,促進服務型政府建設,因此,改革我國現(xiàn)行房地產(chǎn)稅制勢在必行,而且意義重大。
[Abstract]:The real estate tax is an important taxation system in the local taxation system in our country . It is an important policy tool for the local government to raise the fiscal revenue . It is very important to strengthen the macro - control of the real estate market , regulate the real estate market , adjust the income distribution and promote the social equity .
Based on the basic theory of real estate tax , this paper clarifies the basic connotation and social function of real estate tax , explores the origin of real estate tax , and expounds the historical and basic situation of real estate tax in our country .
First , it is a sound collection management system . The real estate property right registration system is implemented , the housing and land property right certificate are merged , a perfect real estate value evaluation system is established , a real estate evaluation tax institution is added , the urban real estate management system is improved , and a firm foundation for the collection of real estate taxes is laid .
The second is to increase the type of taxation . With the development of the social economy and the increasing of personal property , the high - income people have gradually mastered the more real estate resources , and the inevitable trend of the social development of the collection of private property taxes has already been provided in our country .
The third is the standardization of tax system . By means of regular regulation of taxes , the tax base will be easy to be simplified , the tax system should be simplified , and the tax rate should be maintained at a low level . Such a tax code is based on the current economic development situation and social development situation of our country .
Fourth , the property tax is charged . The state can first make the non - ordinary residential property tax , then charge the property tax to some ordinary houses , adjust the residential structure to taxation residential and non - taxation residential . When the property tax is collected , only a few of the residence is the collection object , gradually the collection object of this tax is enlarged .
The government needs to abolish the unreasonable real estate fees , reduce the burden of the residents , separate the charge from the operation and charge the administrative service fees , make the government behavior get the norm , and determine the fees that are really belong to the tax as tax . The main contents include : collecting the land collection management fee , the farmer ' s arable land double - tillage fund , the new vegetable land construction fund and so on as the occupation tax on the cultivated land ;
Based on the data collection and analysis of real estate market in China from 2001 to 2010 , the paper analyzes the influence of real estate tax system reform on real estate market , social public finance income and so on .
( 1 ) The real estate tax mainly affects the real estate market by changing the transaction cost of the real estate market main body , so that the price of the real estate is influenced by the real estate transaction quantity , the real estate tax and the local public expenditure .
( 2 ) According to the analysis , the real estate tax in our country has such problems as unclear classification of fees and taxes , unreasonable structure of tax system , non - regulation of tax basis , non - science of tax base , weak tax adjustment function , etc .
( 3 ) The tax laws and regulations are changeable . At present , the real estate taxes of our country are basically established by the state administrative organs . The laws and regulations promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People ' s Congress or the Standing Committee of the People ' s Congress are usually not the laws and regulations promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People ' s Congress or the Standing Committee of the People ' s Congress , and the legislation level is relatively low . Some taxes are further improved from the legislative process , the design and development of the tax system and the economic and political environment elements of the society , so that the laws and regulations and the system of the real estate tax in our country are more perfect .
( 4 ) With regard to the existing problems of real estate tax in our country , this paper puts forward the measures to increase the tax on the middle links of real estate tax , collect the deed tax , merge the land transfer and real estate taxes , strengthen the supervision of the real estate tax and the implementation of the policy . To make rational and orderly scientific arrangement for the real estate development circulation link , the real estate acquisition link and the real estate tenure link , the key of the property tax revenue is put on the real estate preservation link to reduce and eventually replace the real estate development circulation link and the tax revenue .
In summary , in order to further straighten out the relationship between the following financial rights and non - matching , perfect the local tax system , play a role in adjusting the income distribution gap and wealth redistribution optimization , solve the problem that the local government relies heavily on land finance , promote the optimization of our tax system structure and promote the construction of service - oriented government . Therefore , it is necessary to reform the current real estate tax system in our country , and it is of great significance .
【學位授予單位】:中共中央黨校
【學位級別】:博士
【學位授予年份】:2014
【分類號】:F299.23;F812.42
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