【摘要】：小額信貸創(chuàng)立于20世紀(jì)70年代的孟加拉國(guó),設(shè)立試點(diǎn)并創(chuàng)建了鄉(xiāng)村銀行,它以小額信貸特有的運(yùn)行機(jī)制專門為貧困人群提供無抵押、無擔(dān)保的信貸資金,從而使貧困人群擺脫了經(jīng)常處于金融服務(wù)邊緣化的局面,滿足其生產(chǎn)生活資金需求,幫助打破“貧困惡性循環(huán)”的怪圈起到了重要作用,這一創(chuàng)新性的扶貧模式很快在全世界得到了推廣。我國(guó)于1994年也開始引入小額信貸并進(jìn)行試點(diǎn),在當(dāng)時(shí)由于采取的是非政府組織運(yùn)行形式,雖在扶貧方面取得了一些效果但組織機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展空間受到很大的限制,不能可持續(xù)地為貧困人群提供小額信貸服務(wù),于是在1999年作為正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的農(nóng)村信用社開始試點(diǎn)發(fā)放小額信貸并于2001年12月全面推廣,從此農(nóng)村信用社承擔(dān)起了發(fā)展小額信貸項(xiàng)目的重任。 農(nóng)村信用社開展小額信貸不僅能夠緩解農(nóng)戶貸款難的問題、延緩民間“高利貸”的滋生,還能改善自身的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況,更能有助于快速打破現(xiàn)存的“二元經(jīng)濟(jì)”發(fā)展格局。雖然農(nóng)村信用社小額信貸已走過10個(gè)年頭之多,不論是服務(wù)的覆蓋面還是授信農(nóng)戶的數(shù)量上來講都得到了很大的提升,但根據(jù)相關(guān)學(xué)者的研究和筆者的實(shí)地調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),農(nóng)村信用社小額信貸業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的并不十分順利,存在著一些困境阻擾其正常開展,為探究竟,本文基于三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了分析：首先是基于機(jī)構(gòu)的角度分析農(nóng)村信用社小額信貸業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的困境,通過與村鎮(zhèn)銀行和小額信貸公司之間的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),農(nóng)村信用社存在產(chǎn)權(quán)、資產(chǎn)、人員和營(yíng)業(yè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)四個(gè)方面的困境；然后是基于成本與收益的角度分析農(nóng)村信用社小額信貸業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的困境,根據(jù)農(nóng)村信用社經(jīng)營(yíng)小額信貸業(yè)務(wù)的信息成本、監(jiān)督和管理成本以及預(yù)期違約成本和收益空間與村鎮(zhèn)銀行的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),存在高成本、低收益的困境；最后是基于國(guó)家政策角度分析農(nóng)村信用社小額信貸業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展存在的困境,指出了政府一方面要求農(nóng)村信用社發(fā)放小額信貸,另一方面又缺乏足夠的激勵(lì)或補(bǔ)貼機(jī)制等相關(guān)政策支持,使得農(nóng)村信用社經(jīng)營(yíng)小額信貸業(yè)務(wù)處于困境之中。本文最后根據(jù)這些困境并結(jié)合我國(guó)的實(shí)際情況提出了幾點(diǎn)針對(duì)性的政策建議,以幫助農(nóng)村信用社盡快走出困境,實(shí)現(xiàn)小額信貸業(yè)務(wù)的可持續(xù)地發(fā)展,進(jìn)而帶動(dòng)農(nóng)民增收、農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,有效地解決“三農(nóng)”問題。
[Abstract]:Microcredit was founded in Bangladesh in the 1970s to pilot and create Grameen Bank, which provides unsecured, unsecured credit to the poor with its unique operating mechanism. This has helped the poor to break the cycle of "vicious circle of poverty" by getting rid of the situation where financial services are often marginalized, meeting their needs for production and living funds, and helping to break the "vicious circle of poverty". This innovative model of poverty alleviation quickly spread around the world. In 1994, our country also began to introduce microcredit and carry out pilot projects. At that time, because of the operation of non-governmental organizations, although some results had been achieved in poverty alleviation, the space for the development of organizations was greatly limited. Unable to provide sustainable microcredit services to the poor, rural credit unions, as formal financial institutions, began to pilot microcredit in 1999 and were fully rolled out in December 2001, Since then, rural credit cooperatives have taken on the responsibility of developing microcredit projects. The development of micro-credit in rural credit cooperatives can not only alleviate the problem of farmers' loan difficulties, delay the breeding of folk "usury", but also improve their own operating conditions, and help to break the existing "dual economy" development pattern quickly. Although the rural credit cooperatives have gone through more than 10 years, both the coverage of services and the number of credit farmers have been greatly improved, but according to the relevant scholars' research and the author's field research, The development of the micro-credit business of rural credit cooperatives is not very smooth, there are some difficulties to hinder its normal development, in order to find out. This article has carried on the analysis based on three aspects: first is based on the organization angle analysis rural credit cooperative microfinance business development difficult position, through the comparison with the village bank and the microfinance company found that the rural credit cooperative exists the property right, Then it analyzes the difficulties of the development of microfinance business of rural credit cooperatives based on the angle of cost and income, according to the information cost of rural credit cooperatives operating micro-credit business, The comparison of supervision and management cost and expected default cost and income space with the village bank shows that there is a dilemma of high cost and low income. Finally, based on the state policy perspective, the paper analyzes the difficulties existing in the development of micro-credit business of rural credit cooperatives. It is pointed out that the government requires the rural credit cooperatives to extend microcredit on the one hand, and on the other hand, it lacks sufficient incentive or subsidy mechanism and other related policy support, which makes the rural credit cooperatives in a difficult position to manage the microfinance business. Finally, according to these difficulties and combined with the actual situation of our country, this paper puts forward several targeted policy recommendations to help rural credit cooperatives out of the dilemma as soon as possible, to achieve the sustainable development of micro-credit business, and then to increase farmers' income. Agricultural industrialization and the development of rural economy, effectively solve the "three rural" problem.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：F832.4

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