【摘要】：“博物館與青少年”,是國際博物館協(xié)會為2006年“國際博物館日”選定的主題。博物館須要認(rèn)真看待兒童觀眾,并且對其發(fā)揮重要的教育作用,在認(rèn)識上早已達(dá)成共識。十九世紀(jì)末,以人為本位的教育思想興起,博物館以大量的資源優(yōu)勢成為教育的重要場所。同時期,兒童心理和教育理論發(fā)展迅猛,兒童教育受到重視,兒童經(jīng)常在教育機(jī)構(gòu)或父母的引導(dǎo)下前往博物館。發(fā)展至今,兒童已經(jīng)是博物館無法忽視的觀眾群,無論是學(xué)校組織或家庭參觀,逐漸成為了博物館參觀者的大宗。 作為擁有諸多科學(xué)貢獻(xiàn)的老牌發(fā)達(dá)國家,德國的教育體制比較成熟和完善,特別重視兒童的基礎(chǔ)教育,而博物館為兒童教育也發(fā)揮了不可忽視的重要作用。德國博物館或者與學(xué)校密切合作,讓博物館的展覽內(nèi)容跨越展廳的局限,進(jìn)入學(xué)校教學(xué)課程的各種學(xué)科領(lǐng)域之中;或舉辦多元活潑的推廣教育活動,讓兒童觀眾不止駐足于展廳中,可以從運用多種感官的活動中,充分學(xué)習(xí);還設(shè)計了適合兒童全身、全心投入的互動式展覽,以激發(fā)興趣,并培養(yǎng)多元智能。不同博物館對兒童關(guān)懷有不同的側(cè)重,主要可以分為自然科普類、文化藝術(shù)類和專題歷史類三類博物館。 基于理論研究和實際調(diào)查,自兒童在博物館中的教育、心理、生理三方面需求出發(fā),對三類博物館的成熟案例分別進(jìn)行分析,重點研究博物館中兒童關(guān)懷的相關(guān)空間組織和設(shè)計、尺度、材料、色彩等。從而歸納和總結(jié)博物館兒童關(guān)懷通用設(shè)計原則和設(shè)計方法,并根據(jù)不同類博物館的優(yōu)勢特點,進(jìn)一步提出對應(yīng)的原則及方法。 當(dāng)代博物館的重心,早已轉(zhuǎn)移到教育與服務(wù)。然而,我國博物館具體工作實踐中依然存在著諸多問題。大多數(shù)博物館雖然已經(jīng)有意識對兒童進(jìn)行關(guān)懷,但是經(jīng)驗較少,觀念相對陳舊,無論是活動形式,或是展示方式,還是空間形式,皆不見得適合兒童。在社會進(jìn)步發(fā)展、家庭休閑方式改變、學(xué)校教育益趨活潑多元、新時代兒童對于信息的獲取又有全新需求的情況下,如何讓博物館的環(huán)境、展覽與活動,重適合兒童的特殊需求,使兒童享受博物館體驗,已成為博物館需要認(rèn)真對待的問題。 望本文能為我國博物館進(jìn)行兒童關(guān)懷設(shè)計和相關(guān)博物館規(guī)范的編撰提供有一定價值的參考。
[Abstract]:Museums and teenagers is the theme selected by the International Museum Association for International Museum Day 2006. Museums must take children's audiences seriously and play an important educational role, and have already reached a consensus on understanding. At the end of the 19th century, the people-oriented educational thought rose, and the museum became an important place of education with the advantage of a large number of resources. At the same time, children's psychology and educational theory developed rapidly, children's education was paid attention to, and children often went to museums under the guidance of educational institutions or parents. Up to now, children have become an audience that can not be ignored by museums, whether school organizations or family visits, has gradually become a large number of museum visitors. As an established developed country with many scientific contributions, Germany's education system is relatively mature and perfect, paying special attention to children's basic education, and museums also play an important role in children's education. The German museum or cooperate closely with the school, let the exhibition content of the museum cross the limitation of the exhibition hall, enter the various subject fields of the school teaching curriculum; Or hold a variety of lively promotion and education activities, so that the child audience not only stop in the exhibition hall, can fully learn from the use of a variety of sensory activities; Interactive exhibitions suitable for children are also designed to stimulate interest and cultivate multiple intelligences. Different museums have different emphasis on children's care, which can be divided into three categories: natural science popularization, culture and art and thematic history. Based on theoretical research and practical investigation, starting from the educational, psychological and physiological needs of children in museums, this paper analyzes the mature cases of the three types of museums. Focus on the museum child care related spatial organization and design, scale, materials, color and so on. Thus, the general design principles and design methods of museum children's care are summarized and summarized, and the corresponding principles and methods are further put forward according to the advantages and characteristics of different types of museums. The focus of contemporary museums has long shifted to education and service. However, there are still many problems in the concrete work practice of museums in our country. Although most museums already consciously care for children, but the experience is less, the concept is relatively old, whether in the form of activities, or display, or spatial form, is not necessarily suitable for children. With the development of society, the change of family leisure mode, the lively and pluralistic school education, and the new demand for information access of children in the new era, how to make the museum environment, exhibitions and activities? It has become a serious problem for museums to pay attention to the special needs of children and make them enjoy museum experience. It is hoped that this paper can provide a valuable reference for the design of children's care and the compilation of related museum norms in museums in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西安建筑科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：TU242.5

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