本文關(guān)鍵詞： 動(dòng)物福利 英國 五大自由 馬丁法案 動(dòng)物機(jī)器 布蘭貝爾報(bào)告　出處：《南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：英國的畜牧業(yè)的開端與其它大多數(shù)國家一樣,是從狩獵活動(dòng)開始,逐步地將某些野生動(dòng)物圈養(yǎng)起來,然后將一些野生動(dòng)物馴化成適宜于養(yǎng)殖的動(dòng)物。這一過程經(jīng)歷了很長的時(shí)間,在漫漫的歷史長河中,動(dòng)物一直作為人類生存的食物的主要來源,人類與動(dòng)物的關(guān)系也以各種方式被記錄下來。圣經(jīng)中存在人類與動(dòng)物關(guān)系的描述,其思想是以人類為世界的中心,給予動(dòng)物以一定程度上的關(guān)愛。圣經(jīng)的人與動(dòng)物的思想極大地影響著英國人對于動(dòng)物的觀念。在英國近代社會(huì),人們開始激烈地爭論人類與動(dòng)物的關(guān)系問題。這一爭論由于笛卡爾的把動(dòng)物看作機(jī)器的論斷而得到激化。英國眾多學(xué)者從情感的角度來闡述人類與動(dòng)物的關(guān)系問題,并認(rèn)為動(dòng)物和人類一樣,也是具有感覺的生靈。這一期間的爭論反映出英國所具有的關(guān)愛動(dòng)物思想的社會(huì)觀念基礎(chǔ),這對于日后的動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)的發(fā)展具有基礎(chǔ)性的作用。在這之后,隨著英國社會(huì)的發(fā)展,人們開始產(chǎn)生了通過法律來保護(hù)動(dòng)物的想法,并付諸實(shí)施。通過多次努力之后,英國于1822年通過了世界上第一部動(dòng)物福利法律--《馬丁法案》。在馬丁法案得到通過之后,英國繼續(xù)努力修改并制定其它動(dòng)物福利法律,并逐步取得成功。1926年"動(dòng)物福利大學(xué)聯(lián)盟"標(biāo)志著用科學(xué)方法來解決動(dòng)物福利的開端。在以往的動(dòng)物福利活動(dòng)中,人們更多地是以情感為出發(fā)點(diǎn)來采取關(guān)愛動(dòng)物的行動(dòng),但這存在著諸多問題�？茖W(xué)的方法使得動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)在日后得到不斷的長足進(jìn)步。到了20世紀(jì)60年代,集約化動(dòng)物養(yǎng)殖模式給動(dòng)物的福利造成了極大的損害。哈里森的《動(dòng)物機(jī)器》一書對英國集約化養(yǎng)殖狀況作了比較全面的描述,該書在英國激起極大反響,在使人們了解到集約化養(yǎng)殖對動(dòng)物的殘忍事實(shí)的同時(shí),也極大地觸動(dòng)了人們的良心。英國政府順應(yīng)了社會(huì)觀念的要求,成立了"布蘭貝爾委員會(huì)",專門對集約化養(yǎng)殖體系損害動(dòng)物福利的情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查,并將調(diào)查結(jié)果陳述于《布蘭貝爾報(bào)告》之中。該報(bào)告誕生了著名的"五大自由思想",該思想成為日后動(dòng)物福利科學(xué)研究的總體方向。由于《動(dòng)物機(jī)器》一書對英國集約化養(yǎng)殖模式殘忍事實(shí)的無情揭露,使得人們意識(shí)到原有的法律已經(jīng)不足以解決動(dòng)物養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中所出現(xiàn)的新型問題,這使得英國開始了對原有法律的修訂,并逐步出臺(tái)了專門性的動(dòng)物福利法律。英國的動(dòng)物福利法律更多地得到科學(xué)證據(jù)的支持。此時(shí)的畜牧科學(xué)、動(dòng)物科學(xué)、以及獸醫(yī)科學(xué)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到比較發(fā)達(dá)的程度,當(dāng)科學(xué)工作者們將動(dòng)物福利的觀念融入到自身的研究視野中時(shí),動(dòng)物福利科學(xué)作為一門新的學(xué)科而得以出現(xiàn),其研究成果在更高層次得到整合,從而構(gòu)成了動(dòng)物福利立法和政策制定的證據(jù)基礎(chǔ)。到了英國當(dāng)代社會(huì),動(dòng)物福利已經(jīng)得到社會(huì)公眾的廣泛接受。英國的動(dòng)物福利非政府組織、大型零售商、畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)商等各個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)相互間進(jìn)行合作和促進(jìn),形成了復(fù)雜而多樣化的動(dòng)物福利產(chǎn)品體系。商業(yè)競爭促使大型零售商主導(dǎo)的供應(yīng)鏈不斷提出高層次的動(dòng)物福利標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以期推出更具競爭性的動(dòng)物福利產(chǎn)品,這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)往往高于政府立法所制定的動(dòng)物福利方面的最低限制,從而將英國的動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)推向了超越法律的更高水平。而RSPCA這樣的專門化的動(dòng)物福利組織則制定了最高的動(dòng)物福利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這樣的機(jī)制對于動(dòng)物福利向更高的層次發(fā)展起到了非常重要的作用。伴隨著高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的動(dòng)物福利產(chǎn)品越來越得到社會(huì)公眾的接受,英國政府也在不斷修訂和制定各種符合時(shí)代要求的動(dòng)物福利法律。世界上各個(gè)國際組織(包括歐盟)的運(yùn)作也包含動(dòng)物福利方面的專門性規(guī)定,由于英國的動(dòng)物福利法律和政策高于幾乎所有國際組織,這使得英國在相關(guān)國際活動(dòng)中遇到一些障礙。這反映出動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)越來越具有國際化的特征,是當(dāng)前英國乃至很多國家需要加以考慮的問題。對于英國動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)的未來發(fā)展,英國政府、FAWC、以及UFAW分別闡述了各自的發(fā)展計(jì)劃。UFAW倡導(dǎo)最基礎(chǔ)的動(dòng)物福利科學(xué)研究,并努力促進(jìn)世界范圍內(nèi)動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)的發(fā)展。FAWC對動(dòng)物福利科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)研究成果進(jìn)行整合,給出特定動(dòng)物福利問題的意見和建議,以向英國政府提出咨詢服務(wù)。英國政府根據(jù)動(dòng)物福利科學(xué)的證據(jù),進(jìn)行立法活動(dòng)以及政策制定方面的活動(dòng)�？v觀英國動(dòng)物福利觀念的發(fā)展,會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其在路徑上經(jīng)歷了"關(guān)愛-反殘忍-法律-科學(xué)-社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)"這樣一個(gè)過程,其內(nèi)在的發(fā)展規(guī)律值得我國在發(fā)展動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)的過程中加以借鑒和應(yīng)用。另外,我國的動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)發(fā)展存在一個(gè)特殊問題,那就是對于動(dòng)物福利的科學(xué)性缺乏足夠認(rèn)識(shí),從而很有可能將動(dòng)物福利與動(dòng)物倫理地概念相混淆。因此,突出動(dòng)物福利的科學(xué)性將成為我國動(dòng)物福利事業(yè)起步階段的重要任務(wù)之一。
[Abstract]:The beginning of the animal husbandry as with most other countries, from the beginning of hunting, gradually some wild animal in captivity, then some wild animal domestication into suitable breeding animal. This process has experienced a very long time, in the long historical long river, has been a major source of human animal the survival of the relationship between human and animal food, also in a variety of ways to be recorded. The relationship between human and animal is described in the Bible, the idea is taking human as the center of the world, to a certain extent for animal care. Human and animal Bible thought greatly influenced the British for the concept of animal in the United Kingdom. In modern society, people began to question arguments about the relationship between human and animal heat. This controversy because of Descartes's judgment and the animal as machines get intensified. Many scholars from Britain The emotional angle discusses the relation between human and animal, and that the animal and human beings, but also has the feeling of life. During this period the debate reflects the basic concept of the British Society of animal care thought, plays a basic role in the development of the day after the animal welfare. After that, with the development of British society, people began to have passed laws to protect the animal's idea, and put into practice. After several efforts, the United Kingdom in 1822 by the world's first animal welfare law - Martin act in Martin. The bill passed, the British continued efforts to modify and develop other animal welfare laws, and gradually the success of the.1926 "Animal Welfare University Alliance" marks the scientific method to solve the beginning of animal welfare. In the past, animal welfare activities, more and more people are taking The emotion as the starting point to take care of the animal action, but it has many problems. The scientific method makes the animal welfare has made great progress continuously in the day. By 1960s, intensive animal farming mode caused great damage to animal welfare. Harrison's "animal machine" a book for comparison a comprehensive description of English intensive farming conditions, the book aroused great repercussions in the UK, in making people aware of intensive cultivation of animal cruelty in at the same time, also greatly touched the conscience of people. The British government complies with the concept of social requirements, set up a "Brent Baer committee", dedicated to the investigation of intensive farming system damage to animal welfare, and the survey results will be stated in the Baer report. "< > the report was the famous" five freedom ", the thought became day after moving The overall direction of animal welfare science research. Because the "animal" a book on British machine intensive farming mode cruel facts mercilessly expose, making people aware of the existing law are not enough to solve new problems in animal breeding, which started in Britain in the original law revision, and gradually introduced a special the animal welfare law. Britain's animal welfare laws more supported by scientific evidence. At this time the animal science, animal science and veterinary science has developed to a relatively developed degree, when scientists of animal welfare concepts into the research field of the science of animal welfare, as a new subject to the emergence of the research results are integrated in a higher level, so as to form the basis of animal welfare legislation and policy evidence. To the contemporary British society, dynamic Animal welfare has been widely accepted. The British public animal welfare NGOs, large retailers, manufacturers and other agencies of animal husbandry and promote mutual cooperation, the formation of a complex and diverse animal welfare system products. Commercial competition to large retailer led supply chain continuously put forward high levels of animal welfare standard, launch more competitive products to animal welfare, these standards are often higher than the minimum limit of animal welfare legislation enacted by the government, which will be Britain's animal welfare to a higher level beyond the law. RSPCA such specialization of animal welfare organizations set the highest standards of animal welfare such a mechanism for animal welfare. To the higher level development plays a very important role. With the high standards of animal welfare products get more and more Accept the public, the British government is constantly revised and formulated all in line with the requirements of the animal welfare law. All international organizations in the world (including the EU) operation also contains special provisions of the animal welfare, because the British animal welfare laws and policies than almost all international organizations, which makes some of the obstacles encountered in the UK the relevant international activities. This reflects more and more characteristics of animal welfare with internationalization, is the issues to be taken into account in Britain and many countries. For the future development of animal welfare in Britain, the British government, FAWC, and UFAW were elaborated on animal welfare science of their own development plan.UFAW advocated the basis. On the basis of research results and efforts to promote the development of.FAWC in the world animal welfare of animal welfare science integration, given the dynamic Animal welfare issues and recommendations to provide advisory services to the British government. The British government on the basis of scientific evidence for animal welfare, legislative activities and policy activities. Throughout the development of Britain's animal welfare concept, it is found that the experience of the "love - anti cruelty - Law - Science - social standard" such a a process in the path, the inherent law of the development of our country to be worthy of reference and application in the development of animal welfare. In addition, China's animal welfare development there is a special problem, that is the science of animal welfare lack sufficient knowledge, so it is possible to confuse the animal welfare with the concept of animal ethics. Therefore, scientific outstanding animal welfare will become one of the important tasks of animal welfare in our country of the initial stage.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D756.1
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本文編號(hào)：1529811