發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-01-11 11:37

【摘要】：超聲波是一種空間指向性強(qiáng)、能量消耗慢的彈性波,其在介質(zhì)中傳播距離較遠(yuǎn),因而超聲波測(cè)距技術(shù)應(yīng)用較為廣泛,如倒車?yán)走_(dá)、機(jī)器人避障、物位檢測(cè)、水位測(cè)量等。但在多煤塵及多燃爆氣體的煤礦環(huán)境中,現(xiàn)有的超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)由于驅(qū)動(dòng)回路中含有中周變壓器附帶的大容量?jī)?chǔ)能元件不符合本質(zhì)安全要求而受到限制。為此針對(duì)易燃易爆環(huán)境下超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的本安化研究已逐步展開,常采用無中周變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)思路來設(shè)計(jì)本質(zhì)安全超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)。傳統(tǒng)的中周驅(qū)動(dòng)方法的核心有兩點(diǎn)。第一點(diǎn)是升壓。升壓是為了保證換能器的驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓較高,使得系統(tǒng)更為穩(wěn)定地測(cè)出較遠(yuǎn)距離。第二點(diǎn)是阻抗匹配。中周驅(qū)動(dòng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)變壓器次級(jí)線圈與換能器的阻抗匹配,從而使得換能系統(tǒng)的能量轉(zhuǎn)換效率提高。易燃易爆環(huán)境下本質(zhì)安全型超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)研究主要分為超聲測(cè)距驅(qū)動(dòng)的研究和超聲驅(qū)動(dòng)換能器阻抗匹配的研究,因此首先對(duì)本質(zhì)安全電路的設(shè)計(jì)理論進(jìn)行了闡述,介紹了本質(zhì)安全電路的設(shè)計(jì)要求、易燃易爆環(huán)境下的放電火花能量、本質(zhì)安全電路的保護(hù)方法。然后對(duì)超聲測(cè)距理論進(jìn)行研究,闡述了超聲波測(cè)距的原理、方法以及超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。因?yàn)槌晸Q能器驅(qū)動(dòng)后存在余震,導(dǎo)致測(cè)距盲區(qū)的產(chǎn)生,而換能器的余震與自身屬性有關(guān),因此對(duì)超聲換能器的分類進(jìn)行了介紹,分析了影響測(cè)距盲區(qū)的因素,并提出了消除換能器余震的幾種方法。針對(duì)超聲測(cè)距驅(qū)動(dòng)電路的本質(zhì)安全化研究,設(shè)計(jì)出不同的驅(qū)動(dòng)方法并進(jìn)行分析,最后采用高速光耦驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。針對(duì)本安驅(qū)動(dòng)下?lián)Q能效率的提高,對(duì)超聲換能器的阻抗匹配進(jìn)行了研究,闡述了超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)阻抗匹配理論、分析了換能器的工作原理和阻抗特性,最后對(duì)超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)阻抗匹配網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行分析,完成換能器的阻抗匹配設(shè)計(jì)。超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)供電電路為多級(jí)電壓式供電,所以對(duì)系統(tǒng)的供電電路進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)。超聲換能器驅(qū)動(dòng)后需要進(jìn)行回波處理,所以對(duì)于系統(tǒng)采用的倒車?yán)走_(dá)芯片內(nèi)部的回波處理電路進(jìn)行了說明,并對(duì)回波各個(gè)測(cè)試點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。超聲測(cè)距系統(tǒng)以MSP430微處理器為控制器。利用微處理器進(jìn)行蜂鳴預(yù)警和12864液晶屏的液晶顯示。最后對(duì)不同的測(cè)距系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了驅(qū)動(dòng)波形測(cè)試,對(duì)比分析了不同測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)能力,并對(duì)換能器所需的最低驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)分析,以及對(duì)于測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的性能進(jìn)行了測(cè)試,如對(duì)障礙物凹凸面的測(cè)量進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)分析。易燃易爆環(huán)境下本質(zhì)安全測(cè)距預(yù)警系統(tǒng)的研制拓寬了測(cè)距系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用環(huán)境,因此具有較強(qiáng)的實(shí)用價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:Ultrasonic wave is a kind of elastic wave with strong spatial directivity and slow energy consumption, which propagates far in the medium. Therefore, ultrasonic ranging technology is widely used, such as reversing radar, robot avoiding obstacles, level detection, water level measurement and so on. However, in the coal mine environment with multiple coal dust and multi-explosion gas, the existing ultrasonic ranging system is limited by the fact that the large capacity energy storage components attached to the mid-cycle transformer in the drive circuit are not in line with the essential safety requirements. Therefore, the study on the safety of ultrasonic ranging system in flammable and explosive environment has been carried out step by step, and the design idea of non-central cycle transformer is often used to design the intrinsically safe ultrasonic ranging system. There are two points at the core of the traditional mid-cycle drive method. The first point is a boost. The boost voltage is to ensure the high driving voltage of the transducer, and make the system more stable to measure the distance. The second point is impedance matching. The middle cycle drive can realize the impedance matching between the transformer secondary coil and the transducer, thus the energy conversion efficiency of the energy transfer system can be improved. The research of intrinsically safe ultrasonic ranging system in flammable and explosive environment is mainly divided into ultrasonic ranging drive and ultrasonic drive transducer impedance matching. The design requirements of intrinsically safe circuit, the discharge energy under flammable and explosive environment, and the protection method of intrinsically safe circuit are introduced. Then the theory of ultrasonic ranging is studied, the principle and method of ultrasonic ranging and the structure of ultrasonic ranging system are expounded. Because there are aftershocks after the ultrasonic transducer drive, which leads to the occurrence of the blind area of ranging, and the aftershock of the transducer is related to its own properties, the classification of the ultrasonic transducer is introduced, and the factors affecting the blind area of the location are analyzed. Several methods for eliminating aftershocks of transducers are put forward. Aiming at the study of the essential safety of the ultrasonic ranging driving circuit, different driving methods are designed and analyzed. Finally, the high-speed optical coupling drive system is adopted. In view of the improvement of energy transfer efficiency driven by intra safety, the impedance matching of ultrasonic transducer is studied, the impedance matching theory of ultrasonic ranging system is expounded, and the working principle and impedance characteristics of transducer are analyzed. Finally, the impedance matching network of ultrasonic ranging system is analyzed, and the impedance matching design of transducer is completed. The power supply circuit of ultrasonic ranging system is multistage voltage power supply, so the power supply circuit of the system is designed. The echo processing is needed after the ultrasonic transducer is driven, so the echo processing circuit used in the reversing radar chip is explained, and the echo test points are tested. The MSP430 microprocessor is used as the controller in the ultrasonic ranging system. The microprocessor is used for buzzer warning and LCD display on 12864 LCD screen. Finally, the driving waveforms of different ranging systems are tested, the driving capability of different ranging systems is compared and analyzed, and the minimum driving voltage required by the transducer is analyzed experimentally, as well as the performance of the ranging system is tested. For example, the measurement of concave and convex surfaces of obstacles is analyzed experimentally. The development of intrinsically safe ranging and warning system in flammable and explosive environment broadens the application environment of ranging system, so it has strong practical value.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TB559

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