本文選題：聲學(xué)材料　切入點(diǎn)：阻抗管　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：材料的吸聲系數(shù)和隔聲量是兩個(gè)具有重要意義的聲學(xué)特性,在建筑學(xué)、汽車、工業(yè)領(lǐng)域有著廣泛的應(yīng)用與研究?jī)r(jià)值。目前,實(shí)驗(yàn)室中常用的測(cè)量材料的吸聲系數(shù)和隔聲量的方法主要有兩種:混響室法和阻抗管法�；祉懯曳y(cè)量雖然具有聲波可以無規(guī)則入射,樣品可為非均質(zhì)材料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但運(yùn)用混響室法測(cè)量對(duì)測(cè)試房間有較高的要求,其造價(jià)成本高,不易實(shí)現(xiàn)。阻抗管法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于能夠測(cè)量聲波垂直入射時(shí)的吸聲系數(shù)、反射系數(shù)以及阻抗和導(dǎo)納且測(cè)量樣品小易獲取,測(cè)量方法簡(jiǎn)單,適合推廣普及。本文針對(duì)運(yùn)用阻抗管法測(cè)量材料的吸聲系數(shù)和隔聲量展開工作。本文首先基于管中平面波理論,推導(dǎo)出在聲波導(dǎo)管中形成平面波的條件。詳細(xì)的介紹了運(yùn)用阻抗管法測(cè)量材料吸聲系數(shù)的駐波比法和傳遞函數(shù)法,測(cè)量材料隔聲量的雙負(fù)載測(cè)量法和四傳感器法的理論基礎(chǔ)以及公式推導(dǎo),為后續(xù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)操作做好理論鋪墊。本文的主要工作在于依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO 10534-1:1996和ISO10534-2:1998開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)了測(cè)量材料吸聲系數(shù)和隔聲量的實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量系統(tǒng):阻抗管,其中包括:阻抗管材料的選擇、長(zhǎng)度的設(shè)計(jì)、揚(yáng)聲器筒的設(shè)計(jì)、傳聲器孔的設(shè)計(jì)和銜接方式的確定。同時(shí)介紹了實(shí)驗(yàn)中揚(yáng)聲器、傳聲器、數(shù)據(jù)采集卡、信號(hào)調(diào)理器的工作原理和性能參數(shù),搭建一套完整的阻抗管測(cè)量系統(tǒng)。本文以傳遞函數(shù)法為測(cè)量原理,運(yùn)用MATLAB軟件編寫了阻抗管法測(cè)量材料吸聲系數(shù)和隔聲量的算法。為驗(yàn)證此算法的正確性,運(yùn)用virtual.lab軟件進(jìn)行模型仿真,建立與阻抗管等比例的阻抗管數(shù)值模型,將其仿真計(jì)算結(jié)果與理論結(jié)果對(duì)比,吸聲和隔聲均具有較好的一致性,說明算法的正確性。為進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證阻抗管的精準(zhǔn)度,選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的試件聚氨酯和發(fā)泡橡膠進(jìn)行吸聲系數(shù)與隔聲量的實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量,得到的結(jié)果與北京聲望公司的阻抗管測(cè)量系統(tǒng)所測(cè)量的結(jié)果基本一致,有效地說明了本測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的精準(zhǔn)性。通過本文的理論研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,充分證明了本系統(tǒng)的可行性和可靠性。運(yùn)用此阻抗管測(cè)量系統(tǒng)對(duì)生活中常見的幾種吸聲和隔聲樣品進(jìn)行測(cè)量,例如:雞蛋棉、海綿、聚氨酯、木頭、玻璃、高密泡沫板、鐵等。對(duì)比樣品在不同情況下測(cè)量時(shí)吸聲系數(shù)的變化,分析得到:當(dāng)吸聲樣品的背襯條件為空氣柱時(shí),隨著空氣柱變長(zhǎng),吸聲頻帶向低頻移動(dòng);玻璃棉樣品的吸聲系數(shù)隨著頻率的增大而增大;石膏穿孔板背襯為吸聲樣品時(shí),其峰值吸聲系數(shù)變大,頻帶變寬等。并整理實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),為材料的吸聲性能和隔聲性能提供參考。
[Abstract]:The sound absorption coefficient and sound insulation of materials are two important acoustical properties, which have wide application and research value in architecture, automobile and industry. There are two main methods to measure the sound absorption coefficient and sound insulation of materials in the laboratory: reverberation chamber method and impedance tube method. The sample can be a heterogenous material, but the reverberation chamber method has a high requirement for the test room, its cost is high, and it is difficult to realize. The advantage of the impedance tube method is that it can measure the sound absorption coefficient when the sound wave is incident perpendicularly. The reflection coefficient, impedance and admittance are easy to obtain and the measurement method is simple and suitable for popularization. In this paper, the acoustic absorption coefficient and sound insulation of materials measured by impedance tube method are studied. Firstly, based on the theory of plane wave in tube, The conditions for the formation of plane waves in acoustic conduits are derived. The standing wave ratio method and transfer function method for measuring the sound absorption coefficient of materials using impedance tube method are introduced in detail. The theoretical basis and formula derivation of dual-load measurement and four-sensor method for measuring sound insulation of materials. The main work of this paper is to develop and design a real-time measuring system for measuring the sound absorption coefficient and sound insulation of materials based on the standard ISO 10534-1: 1996 and ISO10534-2:1998. The design of the length, the design of the loudspeaker tube, the design of the microphone hole and the determination of the connection mode are also introduced. At the same time, the working principle and performance parameters of the loudspeaker, microphone, data acquisition card, signal regulator in the experiment are introduced. A complete measuring system of impedance tube is built. In this paper, based on the transfer function method and MATLAB software, an algorithm for measuring the sound absorption coefficient and sound insulation of materials is developed. The numerical model of the impedance tube with the same proportion as the impedance tube is established by using virtual.lab software. The simulation results are compared with the theoretical results. The results of sound absorption and sound insulation are in good agreement. In order to further verify the accuracy of the impedance tube, the sound absorption coefficient and sound insulation of the standard polyurethane and foamed rubber were measured experimentally. The results obtained are basically consistent with those measured by the impedance tube measurement system of Beijing prestigious Company, which effectively explains the accuracy of the measurement system. The feasibility and reliability of the system are fully proved. The impedance tube measurement system is used to measure several kinds of sound absorption and sound insulation samples, such as egg cotton, sponge, polyurethane, wood, glass, high density foam board, etc. Compared with the change of the sound absorption coefficient when the sample is measured under different conditions, the results show that: when the backing condition of the sound absorption sample is air column, with the air column becoming longer, the frequency band of sound absorption moves to low frequency; The sound absorption coefficient of glass cotton sample increases with the increase of frequency, and the peak sound absorption coefficient of gypsum perforated board is increased and the frequency band is widened when the backing of gypsum perforated plate is used as sound absorption sample. The experimental data are arranged in order to provide reference for the sound absorption and sound insulation properties of the material.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TB52

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