本文關(guān)鍵詞： 食用植物性農(nóng)產(chǎn)品 質(zhì)量安全 檢測(cè) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估 污染控制 研究進(jìn)展　出處：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)》2014年18期 　論文類型：期刊論文

【摘要】：目前,威脅食用植物性農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的主要污染物為農(nóng)藥殘留、生物毒素和重金屬等。從這些污染物檢測(cè)技術(shù)看,在樣品前處理技術(shù)、確證檢測(cè)技術(shù)和快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)3個(gè)方面均取得了顯著進(jìn)展。樣品前處理技術(shù)建立并改進(jìn)了固相萃取、固相微萃取、超臨界流體萃取、基質(zhì)固相分散萃取和微波輔助萃取技術(shù)等,其中免疫親和吸附技術(shù)和QuEChERS(Quick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,Rugged,and Safe)技術(shù)得到了快速發(fā)展和越來越廣泛的應(yīng)用;確證檢測(cè)技術(shù)特別是色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù),因其具有靈敏、準(zhǔn)確、可靠等優(yōu)點(diǎn),特別適合用作實(shí)驗(yàn)室仲裁檢測(cè),得到了快速發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,并已列入農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中農(nóng)藥殘留、生物毒素等污染物測(cè)定方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中;農(nóng)產(chǎn)品污染物快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)方面,中國逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)從技術(shù)源頭創(chuàng)新到終端產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)制的全程創(chuàng)新,研制出多種類、滿足不同層次需求的產(chǎn)品,原理上既有酶抑制法,又有免疫分析法和無損檢測(cè)法,形式上既有各種試劑盒、免疫親和柱,又有各類免疫層析試紙條,為現(xiàn)場(chǎng)篩查、定性或定量測(cè)定提供了可供選擇的技術(shù)方法,與大型儀器方法形成互補(bǔ)。從農(nóng)產(chǎn)品污染物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估研究進(jìn)展看,中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估體系建設(shè)成效顯著,建成了以國家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)為龍頭、專業(yè)性和區(qū)域性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估實(shí)驗(yàn)室為主體、各主產(chǎn)區(qū)實(shí)驗(yàn)站為基礎(chǔ)、生產(chǎn)基地觀測(cè)點(diǎn)為延伸的具有中國特色的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估體系,并根據(jù)6大類危害因子,提出了4大類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估類型,明確了各類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的性質(zhì)特征和評(píng)估程序,初步建立了包括農(nóng)藥殘留、生物毒素、重金屬、外源添加物等在內(nèi)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估技術(shù)框架體系,研究開發(fā)出各類危害因子識(shí)別技術(shù)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估專用軟件等技術(shù)產(chǎn)品。從農(nóng)產(chǎn)品污染控制研究看,農(nóng)藥殘留、生物毒素和重金屬等污染途徑、規(guī)律、機(jī)制等被逐步解析,提出了一系列污染防控技術(shù),包括污染源頭控制技術(shù)、過程控制技術(shù)、消減技術(shù)等。當(dāng)前存在的突出問題包括:1)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全檢測(cè)技術(shù)研究原始創(chuàng)新有待加強(qiáng),尤其是不同種類混合污染物同步測(cè)定技術(shù);2)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估研究起步晚,能力弱,社會(huì)需求迫切,基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)不足;3)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品危害因子污染控制基礎(chǔ)研究薄弱,對(duì)污染發(fā)生、遷移、轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)律與機(jī)制缺少系統(tǒng)研究,關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)仍不明確,缺乏污染早期預(yù)警與防控技術(shù)。隨著對(duì)食用植物性農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全研究的深入,危害因子檢測(cè)技術(shù)自主創(chuàng)新性將會(huì)不斷加強(qiáng),技術(shù)方法與產(chǎn)品系列化將滿足不同場(chǎng)所和層次對(duì)檢測(cè)需求;通過加強(qiáng)對(duì)危害因子發(fā)生規(guī)律、營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)形成與控制機(jī)理的研究,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警與污染防控技術(shù)將得到快速發(fā)展和應(yīng)用;農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估將成為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)管不可或缺的重要技術(shù)性、基礎(chǔ)性工作,相關(guān)研究將成為熱點(diǎn),并在實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全多因子全過程科學(xué)管理、依法監(jiān)督中發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。
[Abstract]:At present, the main pollutants threaten edible plant quality and safety of agricultural products for pesticide residue, biological toxins and heavy metals. From these pollutants detection technology, processing technology in the sample, 3 aspects were detection technology and detection technology have made significant progress. The sample pretreatment technology to establish and improve the spe. Solid phase micro extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction and microwave assisted extraction technology, immunoaffinity adsorption technology and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and, Safe) technology has been rapid development and application of more and more widely; confirmed detection technology especially the GC-MS. and because of its sensitive, accurate, reliable, especially for the laboratory of arbitration detection, has been rapid development and application, and has been included in the pesticide residues in agricultural products, biological toxins etc. Standard Test methods of pollutants in agricultural products; rapid detection of pollutants, China gradually achieve full innovation from technology innovation to create the source terminal products, developed many kinds of products, to meet the needs of different levels, the principle of both enzyme inhibition method, and immunoassay and nondestructive testing method, which have a variety of forms kit, immunoaffinity column, and all kinds of immunochromatographic test strip, for on-site screening, qualitative or quantitative technology provides an alternative measure, complementary with large instrument method. Research progress at risk assessment from the agricultural pollution risk, China agricultural product quality safety assessment system of building effective, built the national agricultural product quality safety risk assessment agencies as the leading professional and regional risk assessment laboratory as the main body, the main producing areas of experimental station based production base for observation points With Chinese characteristics of agricultural product quality safety risk extension assessment system, and according to the 6 categories of risk factors, put forward to assess the types of the 4 risk categories, defined the characteristics and evaluation procedures of risk assessment, the initial establishment of the pesticide residue, biological toxins, heavy metals, exogenous additives, risk of agricultural products the quality of the safety assessment framework, the research and development of a factor identification damage of all kinds of risk assessment, special software and other technology products. From the agricultural research, pollution control laws of biological pesticide residues, toxins and heavy metals pollution, is gradually approach, mechanism analysis, put forward a series of prevention and control of pollution, including pollution source control technology and process control technology, subtractive technology. The existing problems include: 1) the quality and safety of agricultural products detection technology research of original innovation needs to be strengthened, especially The same kind of pollutants and synchronous measurement technology; 2) risk assessment research started late, weak ability, social needs, lack of basic data; 3) agricultural hazards pollution control basic research is weak, the migration of pollution, and transform rules and mechanism of the lack of systematic research, the key control point is not clear, the lack of pollution early early warning and prevention and control technology. With the study of the quality and safety of agricultural products of edible plants, hazard detection technology will continue to strengthen the independent innovation of technology, methods and products will meet the needs of different places and levels of detection demand; through the strengthening of the hazard occurrence, formation mechanism and control of the nutritional quality of agricultural products. Risk warning and pollution prevention and control technology will be rapid development and application; agricultural product quality safety risk assessment will become an important agricultural products quality and safety supervision Technology and basic work will be a hot topic. It will play an increasingly important role in the realization of the quality management of agricultural products quality and safety.

【作者單位】： 中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院油料作物研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部油料產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估實(shí)驗(yàn)室(武漢)/農(nóng)業(yè)部油料作物生物學(xué)與遺傳育種重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/農(nóng)業(yè)部生物毒素檢測(cè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/農(nóng)業(yè)部油料及制品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)測(cè)試中心;
【基金】：公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201303088) 國家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估重大項(xiàng)目(GJFP2014006) 國家星火計(jì)劃(2012GA760001)
【分類號(hào)】：F322
【正文快照】： 0引言食用植物性農(nóng)產(chǎn)品包括糧食、油料、果品、蔬菜、茶葉等,是人類賴以生存最重要的大宗農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。食用農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全事關(guān)國計(jì)民生和社會(huì)安定。近年來國外包括歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國家發(fā)生了一系列農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全事件,國內(nèi)也是如此,如2008年三聚氰胺事件,2010年山東、海南先后發(fā)生農(nóng)藥

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