環(huán)境規(guī)制與FDI非均衡增長研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-27 17:29
【摘要】：改革開放以來，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程的進(jìn)一步加快，我國外商直接投資獲得了長足的發(fā)展，并成為推動中國經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長的一個(gè)重要引擎。然而，大量外資的涌入也帶來了一系列的環(huán)境問題。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤最大化，外資企業(yè)通過產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移和外部成本內(nèi)部化的方式增強(qiáng)國際競爭力，，并將污染密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移至環(huán)境規(guī)制相對較松的發(fā)展中國家。而在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和政治晉升的雙重壓力下，國內(nèi)的地方政府也不惜以犧牲環(huán)境為代價(jià)，大力引進(jìn)一些低技術(shù)水平、高污染高能耗的外資企業(yè)，使得中國本已脆弱的生態(tài)環(huán)境更趨惡化。近幾年來基于可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念，政府投入了大量的資金用于污染治理，制定了一系列政策法規(guī)加強(qiáng)環(huán)境保護(hù)監(jiān)管。但與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，由于我國的環(huán)境保護(hù)意識不強(qiáng)、投入不足、執(zhí)法力度不夠，因而環(huán)境規(guī)制水平相對較低，落實(shí)力度也存在較大的差異，環(huán)境規(guī)制與FDI選址的關(guān)系引起了諸多學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注�；贔DI非均衡增長的事實(shí)特征，本文分別從FDI的地區(qū)分布、行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、投資方式、來源地結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)水平提升五個(gè)角度全面分析了環(huán)境規(guī)制對FDI非均衡增長的影響，并試圖回答以下幾個(gè)問題：我國的環(huán)境規(guī)制水平對FDI選址是否存在顯著的影響？如果存在，具體的影響渠道或影響機(jī)制是什么？環(huán)境規(guī)制是否造成了FDI在我國地區(qū)、行業(yè)、來源地、利用外資方式、技術(shù)進(jìn)步等方面的非均衡增長？嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境規(guī)制是否會刺激外資企業(yè)通過技術(shù)創(chuàng)新來彌補(bǔ)遵循成本呢？針對以上問題，本文進(jìn)行了深入探討。 由于我國各省之間尤其是相鄰各省之間的市場及貿(mào)易聯(lián)系非常緊密，因此本文在省級面板模型中納入空間第三方效應(yīng)，著重考察本地區(qū)及周邊地區(qū)環(huán)境規(guī)制水平的變化是如何通過影響外資企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本及其創(chuàng)新能力來影響FDI在我國的區(qū)位分布？研究結(jié)果顯示：環(huán)境規(guī)制對FDI區(qū)域分布的影響呈U型，東部地區(qū)的環(huán)境規(guī)制水平高于中西部地區(qū)，同時(shí)，東部地區(qū)的環(huán)境規(guī)制拐點(diǎn)也遠(yuǎn)高于中西部地區(qū)。而周邊地區(qū)環(huán)境規(guī)制對FDI的影響呈倒U型，東中西部周邊地區(qū)倒U型曲線的拐點(diǎn)都遠(yuǎn)低于當(dāng)?shù)豒型曲線的影響，各地環(huán)境規(guī)制水平基本處于倒U型曲線的右邊。環(huán)境規(guī)制及其它傳統(tǒng)影響因素對FDI區(qū)域分布的影響均存在空間第三方效應(yīng)，且這種效應(yīng)在東中西部地區(qū)表現(xiàn)出不同的特征，這更加全面的解釋了影響我國FDI區(qū)域分布的因素。 關(guān)于環(huán)境規(guī)制與FDI產(chǎn)業(yè)非均衡增長問題，本文通過建立一個(gè)三要素、兩產(chǎn)品的理論模型，將環(huán)境作為一種新型要素投入企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動，比較分析環(huán)境規(guī)制引起的要素邊際成本上升對外資行業(yè)選擇的影響效應(yīng)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，利用2001-2010年我國35個(gè)制造業(yè)細(xì)分行業(yè)的面板數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)了環(huán)境規(guī)制水平對FDI行業(yè)進(jìn)入的影響。研究結(jié)果表明：環(huán)境規(guī)制與FDI行業(yè)分布之間呈U型曲線關(guān)系，目前絕大部分行業(yè)已跨越U型曲線拐點(diǎn)，環(huán)境規(guī)制所帶來的先動優(yōu)勢和創(chuàng)新補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)占主導(dǎo)地位；行業(yè)內(nèi)工資水平的提高、產(chǎn)品差異化程度的加強(qiáng)、技術(shù)水平的提升和利潤率的增加均對FDI具有正向促進(jìn)作用，但這一影響在清潔型行業(yè)和污染型行業(yè)中存在差異；滯后一期的FDI與其當(dāng)期之間存在顯著的正向關(guān)系，前一期的FDI存量會通過示范效應(yīng)和推動效應(yīng)引起外商在該行業(yè)投資的增加，F(xiàn)DI行業(yè)進(jìn)入具有明顯的路徑依賴特征。 鑒于環(huán)境規(guī)制下綠地投資、跨國并購兩種不同投資方式面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及預(yù)期收益不同，因而也將影響到外資企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)決策。為此，本文通過建立外資投資選擇模型對非均衡增長問題進(jìn)行研究，并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步構(gòu)建計(jì)量模型，實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)了環(huán)境規(guī)制對不同投資方式下FDI的影響。理論及實(shí)證結(jié)果顯示，政府的環(huán)境規(guī)制水平越高，在等額投資條件下使用綠地投資的外資預(yù)期收入將小于跨國并購的預(yù)期收入；而綠地投資和跨國并購下的FDI與環(huán)境規(guī)制之間仍存在U型曲線關(guān)系，政府的環(huán)境規(guī)制行為必須與其它經(jīng)濟(jì)政策相配合才能更好地使我國的外資投資結(jié)構(gòu)趨于合理，并且在環(huán)境規(guī)制嚴(yán)格的條件下，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)成本的提高確實(shí)會增加綠地投資的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 考慮到目前我國吸引的FDI具有總量大、增速快，外資來源逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向多元化等特點(diǎn)，而不同來源地的FDI對環(huán)境規(guī)制政策的敏感程度也存在一定的差異。為此，本文考察了相對環(huán)境規(guī)制力度變化對不同來源地FDI的影響，實(shí)證結(jié)果顯示我國環(huán)境規(guī)制的加強(qiáng)會在投資初期提高污染型外資的成本和降低其收益，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致FDI的增速放緩，而隨著環(huán)境規(guī)制繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)，非污染型外資逐漸被吸引。同時(shí)投資國與中國之間貿(mào)易量越大、地理距離越短、政治往來時(shí)間越長、對我國周邊國家投資越多、該國貨幣升值越快，其對華投資的增長也越快。而分樣本實(shí)證研究則顯示，環(huán)境規(guī)制所引致的發(fā)展中國家對華投資變動遠(yuǎn)大于發(fā)達(dá)國家，發(fā)展中國家外資對環(huán)境規(guī)制的敏感度要高于發(fā)達(dá)國家。相較于發(fā)展中國家，發(fā)達(dá)國家FDI的集聚效應(yīng)更明顯，同時(shí)該國經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模與離華遠(yuǎn)近對其對外投資的限制較小。 已有研究表明，嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境規(guī)制將提高外資企業(yè)的進(jìn)入壁壘，并影響到外資企業(yè)進(jìn)駐的行業(yè)分布及市場集中度等，而外資企業(yè)也將對外投資作為獲取知識溢出的關(guān)鍵渠道，那么環(huán)境規(guī)制是否通過影響FDI的進(jìn)入來提高外資企業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步呢？本文運(yùn)用制造業(yè)35個(gè)細(xì)分行業(yè)的面板數(shù)據(jù)，將環(huán)境規(guī)制與FDI的創(chuàng)新活動指標(biāo)納入計(jì)量模型來實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)環(huán)境規(guī)制對FDI技術(shù)進(jìn)步的影響，并重點(diǎn)考察了環(huán)境規(guī)制如何通過技術(shù)引進(jìn)、自主創(chuàng)新及逆向技術(shù)外溢等渠道間接促進(jìn)FDI技術(shù)水平的提升。研究結(jié)果表明：外資企業(yè)全要素生產(chǎn)率的增長主要來源于技術(shù)進(jìn)步增長，而環(huán)境規(guī)制通過強(qiáng)化FDI的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移或創(chuàng)新激勵(lì)等間接渠道提高自身技術(shù)水平，且不同行業(yè)的技術(shù)屬性使得環(huán)境規(guī)制效應(yīng)在研發(fā)投入高、行業(yè)進(jìn)入程度高、勞動密集型行業(yè)中更為顯著，其中高研發(fā)投入的FDI明顯促進(jìn)了投入型和效率型技術(shù)進(jìn)步，嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境規(guī)制成為外資企業(yè)積極引入母國綠色生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與加強(qiáng)自主研發(fā)的重要推動力。FDI的逆向技術(shù)外溢效應(yīng)顯著為負(fù)，并且這種負(fù)向效應(yīng)在FDI滲透較高、資本投入較低的行業(yè)更為突出。最后，本文在上述研究結(jié)論的基礎(chǔ)上提出了相關(guān)的政策建議。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening-up, with the further acceleration of the process of economic globalization, the foreign direct investment of our country has made great development, and has become an important engine to promote the high-speed growth of China's economy. However, the influx of a large amount of foreign capital has also brought a series of environmental problems. In order to maximize the profit, the foreign-capital enterprise enhances the international competitiveness by means of the intra-industrial transfer and the internalization of the external cost, and transfers the pollution-intensive industries to the relatively loose developing countries in the environment. At the same time, under the double pressure of economic development and political promotion, local governments at home have also made great efforts to introduce some foreign-funded enterprises with low level of technology and high energy consumption at the expense of the environment, so that the fragile ecological environment in China has become more and more serious. In recent years, based on the concept of sustainable development, the government has invested a lot of funds in the pollution control, and formulated a series of policies and regulations to strengthen the supervision of environmental protection. However, compared with the developed countries, because the environmental protection awareness of our country is not strong, the input is not enough, the law enforcement is not enough, the level of the environment regulation is relatively low, the implementation force also has great difference, the relationship between the environmental regulation and the location of the FDI has caused extensive attention of many scholars. Based on the fact characteristics of the non-equilibrium growth of FDI, this paper comprehensively analyzes the influence of environmental regulation on the non-balanced growth of FDI from the regional distribution, the industry structure, the investment way, the source land structure and the technical level of the FDI, and tries to answer the following questions: Does China's environmental regulation level have a significant impact on the location of FDI? What is the specific impact channel or impact mechanism if present? Whether the environmental regulation has caused the non-balanced growth of the FDI in the region, the industry, the source land, the foreign investment way and the technological progress of our country? Will the strict environmental regulation stimulate a foreign-capital enterprise to make up for the following costs through technological innovation? In view of the above problems, this paper makes a deep discussion. As a result of the close relationship between the provinces of our country, especially between the adjacent provinces, this paper has included the third-party effect in the provincial panel model It should be emphasized that the change of the environmental regulation level in the region and the surrounding area is how to influence the location of the FDI in China by influencing the production cost and the innovation ability of the foreign-capital enterprise. The results of the study show that the influence of environmental regulation on the distribution of FDI is U-shaped, and the environmental regulation in the eastern region is higher than that in the central and western regions, and the inflection point of environmental regulation in the eastern region is much higher than that in the central and western regions. The effect of environmental regulation on FDI in the surrounding area is inverted U-shaped, and the inflection point of the inverted U-shaped curve in the surrounding area is far lower than that of the local U-shaped curve, and the environmental regulation level in all regions is basically in the right of the inverted U-shaped curve. The influence of environmental regulation and other traditional influencing factors on the distribution of FDI has a third-party effect, and this effect shows different characteristics in the central and western regions, which is more comprehensive and explains the influence of the regional distribution of FDI in China. In this paper, by establishing a three-element and two-product theoretical model, the paper puts the environment as a new element into the enterprise's production through the establishment of a three-element and two-product theoretical model. The activity of the camp, the comparison and analysis of the factors of the environmental regulation, the marginal cost of the factors, the shadow of the choice of the foreign capital industry On this basis, using the panel data of China's 35 manufacturing industries in 2001-2010, the paper has tested the environmental regulation level to the FDI industry. The results show that the relationship between the environmental regulation and the distribution of the FDI industry is a U-shaped curve, most of the industry has crossed the U-shaped curve inflection point, the first-mover advantage and the innovation compensation effect brought by the environmental regulation are dominant, and the wages in the industry The improvement of the product differentiation degree, the improvement of the technical level and the increase of the profit rate have a positive effect on FDI, but this effect is different in the clean-type industry and the pollution-type industry, and there is a significant positive correlation between the first-stage FDI and the current period In relation to the relationship, the FDI stock of the first stage will result in the increase of foreign investment in the industry through the model effect and the promotion effect, and the FDI industry will have a clear path. On the basis of the characteristics of green space under the regulation of the environment, the risks and expected income of the two different types of investment in the cross-border M & A are different, and the foreign-capital enterprise will also be affected In this paper, the non-equilibrium growth problem is studied through the establishment of the foreign investment selection model, and the measurement model is further constructed. The result shows that the higher the environmental regulation level of the government, the expected income of the foreign capital invested by the green space under the equal amount of investment will be less than the expected income of the cross-border M & A, and there is still a U between the FDI and the environmental regulation in the greenfield investment and the cross-border M & A The government's environmental regulation should be matched with other economic policies in order to make the investment structure of the foreign capital of our country more reasonable, and under the strict conditions of environmental regulation, the improvement of the construction cost of the infrastructure will certainly increase the green space. The risk of investment is that FDI in China has the characteristics of large total amount, fast growth rate and gradual change of foreign capital, and the sensitivity of FDI to environmental regulation policies of different sources also In this paper, the effect of the change of the relative environmental regulation on the FDI in different sources has been investigated. The empirical results show that the strengthening of the environmental regulation in China will increase the cost of the pollution-type foreign capital and lower its income in the early stage of the investment, thus leading to the slowdown of the growth of FDI, and as the ring The environmental regulation has continued to be strengthened and the non-pollution type The larger the amount of trade between the investment country and China, the shorter the geographical distance, the longer the political contact time, the more investment to the neighboring countries of our country, the faster the currency appreciation of the country, its investment in China The faster the growth of the capital, the empirical study of the sub-sample shows that the change of the investment in China from the developing countries caused by the environmental regulation is much higher than that of the developed countries and the foreign capital of developing countries to the environmental regulation. In comparison with the developing countries, the agglomeration effect of FDI in the developed countries is more obvious, and the economic scale of the country and the distance from China to the other The limitation of investment is small. The existing research shows that the strict environmental regulation will improve the entry barrier of the foreign-capital enterprise and affect the industry distribution and market concentration of the foreign-capital enterprise, and the foreign-capital enterprise will also invest in the foreign capital as an acquisition The key channel of knowledge overflow, whether the environmental regulation is improved by affecting the entry of FDI The paper uses the panel data of 35 sectors of manufacturing industry to integrate the environmental regulation and the innovation activity index of FDI into the measurement model to examine the effect of the environmental regulation on the progress of the technology of FDI. How to promote F indirectly through technology introduction, independent innovation and reverse technology spillovers The results of the research show that the growth of the total factor productivity of the foreign-capital enterprise is mainly from the growth of the technology, and the environmental regulation is the indirect channel such as the technology transfer of the FDI or the innovation incentive. The technology attribute of different industries has made the environmental regulation effect higher in R & D investment, high in the industry, and more prominent in the labor-intensive industry, and the FDI in the high R & D investment obviously promotes the investment The technological progress of the type and efficiency, the strict environmental regulation becomes a foreign-capital enterprise and actively introduces the green production technology and the strengthening of the home country The main driving force of main research and development is that the reverse technology spillover effect of FDI is negative, and this negative effect is higher in FDI and capital investment The lower industry is more prominent. In the end, this paper is based on the conclusions of the above-mentioned research
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：X32;F832.6
本文編號：2506995
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening-up, with the further acceleration of the process of economic globalization, the foreign direct investment of our country has made great development, and has become an important engine to promote the high-speed growth of China's economy. However, the influx of a large amount of foreign capital has also brought a series of environmental problems. In order to maximize the profit, the foreign-capital enterprise enhances the international competitiveness by means of the intra-industrial transfer and the internalization of the external cost, and transfers the pollution-intensive industries to the relatively loose developing countries in the environment. At the same time, under the double pressure of economic development and political promotion, local governments at home have also made great efforts to introduce some foreign-funded enterprises with low level of technology and high energy consumption at the expense of the environment, so that the fragile ecological environment in China has become more and more serious. In recent years, based on the concept of sustainable development, the government has invested a lot of funds in the pollution control, and formulated a series of policies and regulations to strengthen the supervision of environmental protection. However, compared with the developed countries, because the environmental protection awareness of our country is not strong, the input is not enough, the law enforcement is not enough, the level of the environment regulation is relatively low, the implementation force also has great difference, the relationship between the environmental regulation and the location of the FDI has caused extensive attention of many scholars. Based on the fact characteristics of the non-equilibrium growth of FDI, this paper comprehensively analyzes the influence of environmental regulation on the non-balanced growth of FDI from the regional distribution, the industry structure, the investment way, the source land structure and the technical level of the FDI, and tries to answer the following questions: Does China's environmental regulation level have a significant impact on the location of FDI? What is the specific impact channel or impact mechanism if present? Whether the environmental regulation has caused the non-balanced growth of the FDI in the region, the industry, the source land, the foreign investment way and the technological progress of our country? Will the strict environmental regulation stimulate a foreign-capital enterprise to make up for the following costs through technological innovation? In view of the above problems, this paper makes a deep discussion. As a result of the close relationship between the provinces of our country, especially between the adjacent provinces, this paper has included the third-party effect in the provincial panel model It should be emphasized that the change of the environmental regulation level in the region and the surrounding area is how to influence the location of the FDI in China by influencing the production cost and the innovation ability of the foreign-capital enterprise. The results of the study show that the influence of environmental regulation on the distribution of FDI is U-shaped, and the environmental regulation in the eastern region is higher than that in the central and western regions, and the inflection point of environmental regulation in the eastern region is much higher than that in the central and western regions. The effect of environmental regulation on FDI in the surrounding area is inverted U-shaped, and the inflection point of the inverted U-shaped curve in the surrounding area is far lower than that of the local U-shaped curve, and the environmental regulation level in all regions is basically in the right of the inverted U-shaped curve. The influence of environmental regulation and other traditional influencing factors on the distribution of FDI has a third-party effect, and this effect shows different characteristics in the central and western regions, which is more comprehensive and explains the influence of the regional distribution of FDI in China. In this paper, by establishing a three-element and two-product theoretical model, the paper puts the environment as a new element into the enterprise's production through the establishment of a three-element and two-product theoretical model. The activity of the camp, the comparison and analysis of the factors of the environmental regulation, the marginal cost of the factors, the shadow of the choice of the foreign capital industry On this basis, using the panel data of China's 35 manufacturing industries in 2001-2010, the paper has tested the environmental regulation level to the FDI industry. The results show that the relationship between the environmental regulation and the distribution of the FDI industry is a U-shaped curve, most of the industry has crossed the U-shaped curve inflection point, the first-mover advantage and the innovation compensation effect brought by the environmental regulation are dominant, and the wages in the industry The improvement of the product differentiation degree, the improvement of the technical level and the increase of the profit rate have a positive effect on FDI, but this effect is different in the clean-type industry and the pollution-type industry, and there is a significant positive correlation between the first-stage FDI and the current period In relation to the relationship, the FDI stock of the first stage will result in the increase of foreign investment in the industry through the model effect and the promotion effect, and the FDI industry will have a clear path. On the basis of the characteristics of green space under the regulation of the environment, the risks and expected income of the two different types of investment in the cross-border M & A are different, and the foreign-capital enterprise will also be affected In this paper, the non-equilibrium growth problem is studied through the establishment of the foreign investment selection model, and the measurement model is further constructed. The result shows that the higher the environmental regulation level of the government, the expected income of the foreign capital invested by the green space under the equal amount of investment will be less than the expected income of the cross-border M & A, and there is still a U between the FDI and the environmental regulation in the greenfield investment and the cross-border M & A The government's environmental regulation should be matched with other economic policies in order to make the investment structure of the foreign capital of our country more reasonable, and under the strict conditions of environmental regulation, the improvement of the construction cost of the infrastructure will certainly increase the green space. The risk of investment is that FDI in China has the characteristics of large total amount, fast growth rate and gradual change of foreign capital, and the sensitivity of FDI to environmental regulation policies of different sources also In this paper, the effect of the change of the relative environmental regulation on the FDI in different sources has been investigated. The empirical results show that the strengthening of the environmental regulation in China will increase the cost of the pollution-type foreign capital and lower its income in the early stage of the investment, thus leading to the slowdown of the growth of FDI, and as the ring The environmental regulation has continued to be strengthened and the non-pollution type The larger the amount of trade between the investment country and China, the shorter the geographical distance, the longer the political contact time, the more investment to the neighboring countries of our country, the faster the currency appreciation of the country, its investment in China The faster the growth of the capital, the empirical study of the sub-sample shows that the change of the investment in China from the developing countries caused by the environmental regulation is much higher than that of the developed countries and the foreign capital of developing countries to the environmental regulation. In comparison with the developing countries, the agglomeration effect of FDI in the developed countries is more obvious, and the economic scale of the country and the distance from China to the other The limitation of investment is small. The existing research shows that the strict environmental regulation will improve the entry barrier of the foreign-capital enterprise and affect the industry distribution and market concentration of the foreign-capital enterprise, and the foreign-capital enterprise will also invest in the foreign capital as an acquisition The key channel of knowledge overflow, whether the environmental regulation is improved by affecting the entry of FDI The paper uses the panel data of 35 sectors of manufacturing industry to integrate the environmental regulation and the innovation activity index of FDI into the measurement model to examine the effect of the environmental regulation on the progress of the technology of FDI. How to promote F indirectly through technology introduction, independent innovation and reverse technology spillovers The results of the research show that the growth of the total factor productivity of the foreign-capital enterprise is mainly from the growth of the technology, and the environmental regulation is the indirect channel such as the technology transfer of the FDI or the innovation incentive. The technology attribute of different industries has made the environmental regulation effect higher in R & D investment, high in the industry, and more prominent in the labor-intensive industry, and the FDI in the high R & D investment obviously promotes the investment The technological progress of the type and efficiency, the strict environmental regulation becomes a foreign-capital enterprise and actively introduces the green production technology and the strengthening of the home country The main driving force of main research and development is that the reverse technology spillover effect of FDI is negative, and this negative effect is higher in FDI and capital investment The lower industry is more prominent. In the end, this paper is based on the conclusions of the above-mentioned research
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：X32;F832.6
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