【摘要】：環(huán)境標(biāo)志是環(huán)境法領(lǐng)域的一項基本制度，自1977年世界上第一個環(huán)境標(biāo)志計劃產(chǎn)生于德國以來，環(huán)境標(biāo)志在世界上很多國家都開始實行，并隨著其作用的體現(xiàn)而逐步得到重視和長足發(fā)展。環(huán)境標(biāo)志的主要實施方式是由一定的機(jī)構(gòu)或團(tuán)體向經(jīng)檢測后符合特定環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)發(fā)放證明，證明該產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)具有一定的環(huán)境友好性，并以此引導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)方向，從而影響企業(yè)的市場占有率和利潤，最終達(dá)到促使企業(yè)采用清潔生產(chǎn)工藝、促進(jìn)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式形成的目的。顯然，與傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境法律制度不同，環(huán)境標(biāo)志更注重市場化手段的運(yùn)用，強(qiáng)調(diào)引導(dǎo)和刺激，并最終能使企業(yè)變被動為主動的采取對環(huán)境更加有利的生產(chǎn)工藝和制造方法，從而達(dá)到保護(hù)和改善環(huán)境的目的。因此，環(huán)境標(biāo)志體現(xiàn)出巨大的生命力和活力。目前，世界上很多國家都實行了環(huán)境標(biāo)志。由于環(huán)境標(biāo)志的基礎(chǔ)是需要確定產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而各國由于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、技術(shù)水平的不同，各國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水平存在較大差異。因此，世界各國的環(huán)境標(biāo)志都不太相同，也就是環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國別化現(xiàn)象。這種國別化現(xiàn)象首先引起了企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者的反感。對企業(yè)而言，進(jìn)入不同國家市場需要去申請不同國家的環(huán)境標(biāo)志，這顯然是一項極其繁瑣和花費(fèi)成本的事情；對消費(fèi)者而言，如此五花八門的環(huán)境標(biāo)志足以讓人眼花繚亂，實在不知該如何選擇。另外，有些發(fā)達(dá)國家利用環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國別化將其作為一種隱形貿(mào)易壁壘，希望達(dá)到保護(hù)本國市場和本國企業(yè)的目的，從而使發(fā)展中國家遭受到很大的傷害。基于這些原因，世界亟需一套統(tǒng)一的環(huán)境標(biāo)志體系。因此，本文主要研究環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化的必要性、統(tǒng)一過程中可能遇到的障礙、統(tǒng)一所需要的理論基礎(chǔ)和現(xiàn)實基礎(chǔ)以及環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)國際統(tǒng)一化的實現(xiàn)。本文的主體部分主要分為七章。 第一章是環(huán)境標(biāo)志概述，本章共分為三節(jié)。第一節(jié)是環(huán)境標(biāo)志的概念，是對環(huán)境標(biāo)志定義的描述和環(huán)境標(biāo)志的基本分類。目前世界上大多數(shù)國家采用的分類方法是Ⅰ型環(huán)境標(biāo)志、Ⅱ型環(huán)境標(biāo)志和Ⅲ型環(huán)境標(biāo)志，這種分類方法是國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織在其所制定的ISO14000環(huán)境管理體系中提出的。Ⅰ型環(huán)境標(biāo)志是以自愿為基礎(chǔ)的第三方認(rèn)證計劃，Ⅱ型環(huán)境標(biāo)志是一種自我環(huán)境聲明，Ⅲ型環(huán)境標(biāo)志是一個量化的產(chǎn)品性能和環(huán)境信息的數(shù)據(jù)清單。第二節(jié)介紹了環(huán)境標(biāo)志的性質(zhì)，主要是從三個角度來說明：環(huán)境標(biāo)志是證明商標(biāo)、是一種采用市場化手段的環(huán)境法律制度、是與國際貿(mào)易有關(guān)的環(huán)境措施。第三節(jié)是對環(huán)境標(biāo)志作用的概括總結(jié)，同樣是基于三個角度，包括：作為證明商標(biāo)體現(xiàn)出來的、作為環(huán)境法律制度體現(xiàn)出來的和在國際貿(mào)易中體現(xiàn)出來的。作為證明商標(biāo)的作用在于證明、引導(dǎo)和促進(jìn)。作為環(huán)境法律制度的最終作用在于促進(jìn)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式的形成，實現(xiàn)環(huán)境的逐步改善。在國際貿(mào)易中體現(xiàn)出來的作用主要是促進(jìn)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)革新和國際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)的綠色化。 第二章是環(huán)境標(biāo)志的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與分析，本章共分三節(jié)。第一節(jié)是介紹環(huán)境標(biāo)志在我國從其開始至目前的整體發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，包括環(huán)境標(biāo)志在我國的產(chǎn)生、我國的環(huán)境標(biāo)志法律體系和環(huán)境標(biāo)志法律制度。第二節(jié)介紹了環(huán)境標(biāo)志在國外的發(fā)展情況，包括德國、加拿大、日本、奧地利、澳大利亞和新西蘭等國的環(huán)境標(biāo)志現(xiàn)狀。這些都是在世界上比較早實行環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國家，因此具有一定的借鑒意義。第三節(jié)是對環(huán)境標(biāo)志發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀的分析。經(jīng)過分析可以看出環(huán)境標(biāo)志的現(xiàn)狀是呈現(xiàn)國別化。所謂的國別化是指各國的環(huán)境標(biāo)志計劃在內(nèi)容、所追求達(dá)成的目標(biāo)以及實施的程序上等方面所表現(xiàn)出來的巨大差異。這種國別化具有明顯的負(fù)面效應(yīng)，一方面挫傷了企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者的積極性，另一方面是被部分發(fā)達(dá)國家作為隱形的綠色貿(mào)易壁壘，從而傷害了發(fā)展中國家的利益�；谝陨蟽牲c，我們需要一個國際統(tǒng)一的環(huán)境標(biāo)志體系。因此，我們期待能實現(xiàn)環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國際統(tǒng)一化。 第三章是闡述環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化的必要性，本章共分兩節(jié)。第一節(jié)是闡述了環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化的必要性之一，這是基于發(fā)展中國家的立場而言的。在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的格局中，發(fā)達(dá)國家暫時處于領(lǐng)先的地位，為了保持這種領(lǐng)先，它們常常使用一些方法來阻礙發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展，從而維持它們自己的優(yōu)勢地位。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展，多邊貿(mào)易體制的形成，WTO在國際貿(mào)易中發(fā)揮出越來越重要的作用�；赪TO的基本原則，很多原來能使用的阻礙方法現(xiàn)在都不能再使用了，而環(huán)境標(biāo)志作為一種新的隱形壁壘進(jìn)入了發(fā)達(dá)國家的視野。環(huán)境標(biāo)志作為這種綠色貿(mào)易壁壘對發(fā)展中國家具有很大的傷害。第二節(jié)是環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化的必要性之二，這是基于全人類的立場。因為環(huán)境標(biāo)志的最終宗旨是改善環(huán)境，而因為環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國別化現(xiàn)象對企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者的挫傷，企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者有可能選擇不再參與環(huán)境標(biāo)志。如果出現(xiàn)這種情況，顯然環(huán)境標(biāo)志的作用完全得不到展現(xiàn)的機(jī)會，其宗旨也不可能實現(xiàn)。 第四章是分析環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化過程中可能會遇到的障礙，本章共分兩節(jié)。第一節(jié)是從主觀上的因素去考慮，可能遭遇到的問題是世界各國對待環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化的不同態(tài)度。因為目前的世界政治格局是以國家作為基本單位，各國在國際事務(wù)中首先考慮的還是本國利益。加上經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的不同導(dǎo)致各國對待環(huán)境保護(hù)的態(tài)度不同，地理環(huán)境因素導(dǎo)致各國的環(huán)境資源特點不同，從而環(huán)境關(guān)注點也不同。因此，各國肯定會表現(xiàn)出一些不一樣的態(tài)度。第二節(jié)是從客觀上的因素去考慮，環(huán)境標(biāo)志的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)難以統(tǒng)一。技術(shù)因素在環(huán)境標(biāo)志中有著重要的體現(xiàn)，包括產(chǎn)品種類的選擇、申請和認(rèn)證程序等等都離不開技術(shù)手段的運(yùn)用。而各國的技術(shù)發(fā)展水平具有較大的差異，這就使得在統(tǒng)一的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上面臨兩難選擇。如果按照相對低的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一，對實行高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)達(dá)國家來說就意味著倒退；如果按照相對高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一，很多發(fā)展中國家又難以達(dá)到。 第五章是環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化的理論基礎(chǔ)。為了解決在統(tǒng)一化進(jìn)程中遇到的障礙，我們應(yīng)該從理論上去尋找一些支持。本章共分兩節(jié)，第一節(jié)是著眼于在國際法領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)理論：首先是全球環(huán)境問題出現(xiàn)后導(dǎo)致的主權(quán)概念的修正�，F(xiàn)今的主權(quán)概念不再是絕對的，為了共同面對日益嚴(yán)重的國際環(huán)境危機(jī)，各國都應(yīng)該對各自的主權(quán)進(jìn)行一定的限制；其次是國際環(huán)境合作原則。國際合作是目前國際社會政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等各個領(lǐng)域都具備的一項基本原則，在環(huán)境領(lǐng)域里同樣也是適用的，并且眾多全球環(huán)境問題的惡化對國際環(huán)境合作的呼聲和要求也越來越高；再次是共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任原則。這一原則主要說明了發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家的不同義務(wù)。發(fā)達(dá)國家早于發(fā)展中國家實現(xiàn)了發(fā)展，而在其發(fā)展的過程中，已經(jīng)對環(huán)境造成了很多的破壞。發(fā)展中國家目前正在發(fā)展，從破壞的總體情況上來看，可能還達(dá)不到發(fā)展中國家之前對整個地球環(huán)境的破壞。因此，從這個意義上來說，發(fā)達(dá)國家應(yīng)該比發(fā)展中國家承擔(dān)更多的保護(hù)和改善環(huán)境的責(zé)任。第二節(jié)是著眼于環(huán)境法領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)理論，包括可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論、公眾參與原則和“全球環(huán)境法”等一些新概念的出現(xiàn)。這些理論都對環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國際統(tǒng)一化具有重要的意義。 第六章是分析了環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化的現(xiàn)實基礎(chǔ)，本章共分四節(jié)。第一節(jié)說明了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展。在當(dāng)前世界，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已經(jīng)成為一種必然趨勢。經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的變化也引起了法領(lǐng)域的很多變化，例如引起了法的趨同化和國際化發(fā)展，而環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一的實質(zhì)就是法的國際化。第二節(jié)是對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的國際統(tǒng)一過程的借鑒。我們可以從中得到若干啟示：第一，環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國際統(tǒng)一化將是一個長期的過程；第二，環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國際統(tǒng)一化將是各國由被動到主動的過程；第三，在環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國際統(tǒng)一化過程中，要積極發(fā)揮相關(guān)國際組織的作用；第四，對于發(fā)展中國家來講，應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，積極促進(jìn)環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國際統(tǒng)一化。第三節(jié)是對環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際互認(rèn)的介紹。由于認(rèn)識到環(huán)境標(biāo)志國別化的缺陷，很多國家開始與其他國家實行環(huán)境標(biāo)志的國際互認(rèn)，即在一國取得的環(huán)境標(biāo)志，經(jīng)互認(rèn)后在另一國同樣可以使用而無需再申請。目前，這種國際互認(rèn)的行為比較普遍。第四節(jié)是介紹區(qū)域性統(tǒng)一的環(huán)境標(biāo)志的出現(xiàn)。例如北歐白天鵝計劃和歐盟的歐洲之花計劃，，它們都是實現(xiàn)了區(qū)域性統(tǒng)一的環(huán)境標(biāo)志。 第七章是具體分析環(huán)境標(biāo)志國際統(tǒng)一化的實現(xiàn)途徑，也是作者的一點創(chuàng)新。本章共分兩節(jié)。第一節(jié)是提出運(yùn)用WTO機(jī)制實現(xiàn)各國主觀態(tài)度的協(xié)調(diào)。WTO是世界上一個很大的國際組織，雖然它的宗旨是致力于貿(mào)易自由化，但由于環(huán)境與貿(mào)易的相生相伴、矛盾統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系，WTO也開始關(guān)注環(huán)境問題。環(huán)境標(biāo)志是一項與國際貿(mào)易有關(guān)的環(huán)境措施，因此可以考慮將環(huán)境標(biāo)志納入WTO的討論范圍來解決。WTO在世界上具有很高的權(quán)威性，爭端解決機(jī)制也比較完善，因此應(yīng)該可以勝任這個任務(wù)。第二節(jié)是提出由ISO來實現(xiàn)環(huán)境標(biāo)志技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)整合的觀點。ISO同樣是世界上比較大的國際組織，其以技術(shù)的研究為主要工作，致力于國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的推廣使用。ISO已然發(fā)布了ISO14020系列環(huán)境標(biāo)志標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此完全有可能自己來制定一套統(tǒng)一的環(huán)境標(biāo)志體系。
[Abstract]:Environmental labeling is a basic system in the field of environmental law. Since the first environmental labeling program was created in Germany in 1977, environmental labeling has been implemented in many countries in the world and has been gradually valued and developed with its role. The main implementation of environmental labeling is carried out by certain institutions or groups. Certificates issued to the products or services of the enterprises that meet the specific environmental standards after testing prove that the products or services have certain environmental friendliness and guide the consumer's direction of consumption, thus affecting the market share and profits of the enterprises, and ultimately promoting the adoption of cleaner production technology and promoting the sustainable development of society. Obviously, unlike the traditional environmental legal system, environmental signs pay more attention to the use of market-oriented means, emphasize guidance and stimulation, and ultimately enable enterprises to passively and actively adopt more environmentally friendly production processes and manufacturing methods, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting and improving the environment. At present, many countries in the world have implemented environmental signs. Because the basis of environmental signs is the need to determine the environmental standards of products or services, and because of the level of economic development and technological level of different countries, there are great differences in the standards of different countries. The nationalization of environmental labeling first arouses the disgust of enterprises and consumers. For enterprises, it is obviously a tedious and costly thing to apply for environmental labeling in different countries in order to enter the market of different countries; for consumers, there are so many kinds of environmental labeling. In addition, some developed countries use the nationalization of environmental labels as an invisible barrier to trade, hoping to protect their own markets and enterprises, thus causing great harm to developing countries. For these reasons, the world urgently needs a unified environment. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the necessity of the international unification of environmental signs, the obstacles that may be encountered in the process of unification, the theoretical and practical basis for the unification and the realization of the international unification of environmental standards.
The first section is the definition of environmental signs and the basic classification of environmental signs. At present, most countries in the world adopt the classification methods of type I environmental signs, type II environmental signs and type III environmental marks. This classification method is international standards. Type I environmental label is a voluntary third party certification scheme. Type II environmental label is a self-environmental statement. Type III environmental label is a data list of quantified product performance and environmental information. Section II introduces the nature of environmental label. The third section is a summary of the role of environmental signs, which is also based on three angles, including: as a certification trademark, as an environmental legal system of market-oriented means, and as an environmental legal system related to international trade. The function of certification trademark is to prove, guide and promote. The ultimate function of environmental legal system is to promote the formation of social sustainable development model and realize the gradual improvement of environment. And the green structure of international trade commodities.
The second chapter is the development status and analysis of environmental signs, this chapter is divided into three sections. The first section is to introduce the overall development of environmental signs in China from its inception to the present situation, including the emergence of environmental signs in China, China's legal system of environmental signs and environmental signs. The third section is the analysis of the status quo of environmental signs. It can be seen that the status quo of environmental signs is the presenting country. The so-called nationalization refers to the tremendous differences in the contents, goals and procedures of the environmental labeling plans of different countries. This nationalization has obvious negative effects, which on the one hand frustrates the enthusiasm of enterprises and consumers, on the other hand, is invisible by some developed countries. Based on the above two points, we need a unified international environmental labeling system. Therefore, we look forward to achieving the international unification of environmental labeling.
The third chapter is about the necessity of the international unification of environmental signs. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section is about the necessity of the international unification of environmental signs, which is based on the position of developing countries. With the development of economic globalization and the formation of the multilateral trading system, the WTO has played an increasingly important role in international trade. As a new invisible barrier, environmental signs have entered the view of developed countries. As a kind of green trade barrier, environmental signs are harmful to developing countries. Section II is the necessity of international unification of environmental signs, which is based on the position of all mankind. Because the ultimate purpose of environmental signs is to improve the environment, and Because the nationalization of environmental labels is frustrating to enterprises and consumers, enterprises and consumers may choose not to participate in environmental labels. If this happens, it is obvious that the role of environmental labels can not be demonstrated at all, and its purpose can not be achieved.
The fourth chapter is to analyze the obstacles that may be encountered in the process of the international unification of environmental signs. This chapter is divided into two sections. In international affairs, the first consideration is the interests of the country. In addition, the different levels of economic development lead to different attitudes towards environmental protection. Geographical environmental factors lead to different characteristics of environmental resources in different countries, thus different environmental concerns. Therefore, countries will certainly show some different attitudes. Section II is from the objective. Considering the above factors, it is difficult to unify the technical standards of environmental labeling. Technical factors have important manifestations in environmental labeling, including the choice of product types, application and certification procedures, etc. can not be separated from the use of technical means. It is a dilemma for the developed countries to achieve reunification according to relatively low standards, which means retrogression for the developed countries, and for many developing countries to achieve reunification according to relatively high standards.
The fifth chapter is the theoretical basis of the international unification of environmental signs.In order to solve the obstacles encountered in the process of unification, we should seek some theoretical support.This chapter is divided into two sections.The first section focuses on the relevant theories in the field of international law.First, the revision of the concept of sovereignty resulting from the emergence of global environmental problems. The concept of sovereignty is no longer absolute. In order to face the increasingly serious international environmental crisis, all countries should restrict their sovereignty to some extent, followed by the principle of international environmental cooperation. It is also applicable, and the deterioration of many global environmental problems has raised the voice and demand for international environmental cooperation; again, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. Developing countries are currently developing and, in general, may not be able to do as much damage to the entire Earth's environment as developing countries did before. Therefore, in this sense, developed countries should shoulder more responsibility for protecting and improving the environment than developing countries. The second section focuses on the relevant theories in the field of environmental law, including the theory of sustainable development, the principle of public participation and the emergence of some new concepts such as "global environmental law".
Chapter 6 is the analysis of the realistic basis of the international unification of environmental signs. This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section describes the development of economic globalization. In the current world, economic globalization has become an inevitable trend. The essence of the international unification of environmental signs is the internationalization of law.Section 2 is a reference to the process of international unification of intellectual property protection.We can get some enlightenment from it.First, the international unification of environmental signs will be a long-term process.Second, the international unification of environmental signs will be a passive to active transition for all countries. In the process of international unification of environmental signs, we should actively play the role of relevant international organizations. Fourthly, for developing countries, we should change our concepts and actively promote the international unification of environmental signs. At present, this kind of international recognition is quite common. Section 4 introduces the emergence of regional unified environmental signs, such as the Nordic White Swan Plan and the European Union. The European flower plan is an environmental symbol for achieving regional unity.
The seventh chapter is a concrete analysis of the way to achieve the international unification of environmental signs, and also the author's innovation. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section is to propose the use of WTO mechanisms to achieve the coordination of subjective attitudes among countries. Environmental labeling is an environmental measure related to international trade, so it can be considered to bring environmental labeling into the scope of WTO discussion. WTO has a high authority in the world, and the dispute settlement mechanism is relatively perfect, so it should be competent for this task. Section 2 is to put forward the viewpoint of realizing the conformity of environmental labeling technical standards by ISO. ISO is also a big international organization in the world. Its main work is technology research and devotes itself to the popularization and use of international standards. ISO has issued ISO14020 series of environmental labeling standards, so it is possible to formulate a unified set of standards by itself. Environmental labeling system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D996.9

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