本文選題：非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物 + 專利保護(hù)��； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：近幾年，歐洲專利局授予了大量的非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物專利，這在理論界和實(shí)務(wù)界都引起了很大的爭(zhēng)議。非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物是世界上優(yōu)良作物最重要的來(lái)源之一，對(duì)增加糧食產(chǎn)量、提高作物品質(zhì)發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。與轉(zhuǎn)基因植物相比，非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物具有更可靠的安全性。開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性，既有利于最大程度的保護(hù)育種工作者的利益，又有利于現(xiàn)代育種業(yè)的建立和發(fā)展以及農(nóng)業(yè)水平的提高。然而，反對(duì)者認(rèn)為對(duì)非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物授予專利權(quán)不但會(huì)對(duì)農(nóng)民利益、發(fā)展中國(guó)家的利益以及公共利益造成一定程度的損害，而且還會(huì)與已經(jīng)存在的品種權(quán)保護(hù)制度產(chǎn)生沖突，這些都是分析非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性時(shí)必須予以考慮的因素。此外，還要對(duì)非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物能否滿足新穎性、實(shí)用性和創(chuàng)造性的要求進(jìn)行分析。 具體到某一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)，在決定是否開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性時(shí)，需要充分考慮該國(guó)家或地區(qū)的育種研發(fā)能力、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展水平、育種企業(yè)的實(shí)力以及生物遺傳資源的豐富程度等關(guān)鍵因素；在對(duì)非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物專利制度進(jìn)行構(gòu)建時(shí)，要結(jié)合具體國(guó)情，在不違反相關(guān)國(guó)際公約基本原則的前提下，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)自身利益的最大化。 基于以上的思路，本文分為以下五個(gè)部分。 第一部分是案情簡(jiǎn)述及爭(zhēng)議分析。2010年12月歐洲專利局?jǐn)U大申訴委員會(huì)就以方法專利方式提起的非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物的可專利性作出裁定，，將非轉(zhuǎn)基因育種方法認(rèn)定為實(shí)質(zhì)性生物學(xué)方法而禁止對(duì)其授予專利權(quán)。該裁定作出后，涉案專利權(quán)人取消了權(quán)利要求書中的方法權(quán)利要求，轉(zhuǎn)而將權(quán)利要求全部限定為產(chǎn)品（包括植物、果實(shí)、種子等），經(jīng)修正后，該專利權(quán)得以維持。但是這一決定很快又遭到了異議申訴，技術(shù)申訴委員會(huì)又將以產(chǎn)品專利方式提起的非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物的可專利性問(wèn)題提交給了擴(kuò)大申訴委員會(huì)，迄今為止擴(kuò)大申訴委員會(huì)尚未對(duì)此作出裁定。本案的爭(zhēng)議焦點(diǎn)為非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物是否屬于專利保護(hù)的范圍，由此引出本文的論題，即非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物的可專利性分析。 第二部分是非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物概述，對(duì)非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物的概念、特點(diǎn)和培育原理分別做了介紹。文中首次提出了“非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物”的概念：非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物是指人們通過(guò)除轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)以外的育種方法培育的植物。 第三部分是開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的歷程及其引發(fā)的爭(zhēng)議。本部分首先對(duì)美國(guó)和日本等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)于開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的態(tài)度及歷程作了簡(jiǎn)單的回顧。其次針對(duì)支持和反對(duì)開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的理由分別進(jìn)行了重點(diǎn)分析，得出以下結(jié)論：開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性能夠最大程度的保護(hù)育種工作者的利益，激發(fā)育種工作者的研發(fā)熱情和推動(dòng)私人資金向育種業(yè)的流動(dòng)，有利于現(xiàn)代育種業(yè)的建立和發(fā)展，有利于促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展；并且通過(guò)專利制度的內(nèi)部設(shè)計(jì)和外部手段的規(guī)制，可以避免因開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性而對(duì)農(nóng)民利益、發(fā)展中國(guó)家利益和公共利益可能造成的損害。 第四部分是非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物的“三性”分析。非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物能夠滿足新穎性、實(shí)用性和創(chuàng)造性的要求是開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的基礎(chǔ)。本部分分別針對(duì)以產(chǎn)品專利方式提起的非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物和以方法專利方式提起的非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物的“三性”進(jìn)行分析，從專利法“三性”層面論證了開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的可行性。 第五部分是我國(guó)開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的抉擇。目前，我國(guó)的專利法明確規(guī)定禁止對(duì)非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物授予專利權(quán)，然而考慮到非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物對(duì)于現(xiàn)代育種業(yè)的發(fā)展和農(nóng)業(yè)安全的重要性，我國(guó)有必要結(jié)合自身國(guó)情，重新審視非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性問(wèn)題。我國(guó)已經(jīng)具備較強(qiáng)的非轉(zhuǎn)基因育種能力，擁有一批頗具國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的育種企業(yè)，而且還是世界上生物遺傳資源最豐富的國(guó)家之一，這些因素決定我國(guó)已經(jīng)基本具備了開放非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的條件。與此同時(shí)，由于我國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展水平較發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家落后，在對(duì)非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物專利制度進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，必須充分考慮到我國(guó)的具體國(guó)情，做出有利于本國(guó)利益的設(shè)計(jì)，如授予農(nóng)民一定的免責(zé)權(quán)，提高“三性”的審查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，建立和完善生物遺傳資源保護(hù)體系等。 我國(guó)是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)，非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)于維護(hù)國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)安全有非常重要的意義。近年來(lái)國(guó)際上關(guān)于非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的爭(zhēng)論日趨激烈，但是我國(guó)對(duì)這一問(wèn)題還鮮有人進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的研究，本文試對(duì)此問(wèn)題進(jìn)行初步探究，以期能引起國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)非轉(zhuǎn)基因植物可專利性的思考。
[Abstract]:In recent years, a large number of non transgenic plant patents have been granted by the European Patent Office, which has caused great controversy in both theoretical and practical circles. Non GM plants are one of the most important sources of good crops in the world. It plays an irreplaceable role in increasing grain yield and improving the quality of crops. Plants have more reliable safety. The patentability of open non GM plants is beneficial to the best protection of the interests of the breeding workers, the establishment and development of modern breeding and the improvement of the agricultural level. However, the opponents believe that the grant of patent rights to non transgenic plants will not only benefit farmers but also develop China. The interests of the family and the public interest have been damaged to a certain extent, and it will also conflict with the existing system of variety rights protection. These are all factors that must be considered when analyzing the patentability of non GM plants. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the requirements of non GM plants to satisfy novelty, practicality and creativity.
When deciding whether to open the patentability of non GM plants in a particular country or region, it is necessary to take full consideration of the key factors in the country or region's breeding R & D capacity, the level of agricultural development, the strength of the breeding enterprises and the richness of the biological genetic resources, and the construction of the patent system for non transgenic plants. In the light of specific national conditions, we must strive to maximize our own interests without violating the basic principles of relevant international conventions.
Based on the above ideas, this paper is divided into five parts.
The first part is the brief description and analysis of the case. In December, the European Patent Office expanded the appeals board to make a ruling on the patentability of non GM plants brought about by method patent, and prohibit the granting of patents on non GM breeding methods as substantive biological methods. After the decision was made, the patent holder involved in the case. The claim was abolished in the claim, and all the claims were limited to products (including plants, fruits, seeds, etc.), and the patent was maintained after the amendment, but the decision was quickly dissent, and the technical appeals committee would also patent non GM plants in the form of product patents. The issue of sex is submitted to the enlargement of the appeals board, which has so far not been ruled by the enlargement of the appeals board. The focus of the dispute is whether non GM plants are protected by patents, which leads to the topic of this article, that is, the patentability analysis of non GM plants.
The second part is the overview of non transgenic plants. The concept, characteristics and cultivation principles of non GMO plants are introduced. The concept of "non transgenic plants" is first proposed in this article: non transgenic plants refer to the plants which are bred by the breeding methods other than the transgenic technology.
The third part is the history and controversy of the patentability of open non GM plants. This part first briefly reviews the attitudes and processes of the developed countries, such as the United States and Japan, on the patentability of open non GM plants. Secondly, the reasons for supporting and opposing the patentability of the open non transgenic plants are respectively carried out. The following conclusions are made. The following conclusions are drawn: the patentability of the open non transgenic plants can protect the interests of the breeding workers to the greatest extent, stimulate the enthusiasm of the breeding workers and promote the flow of private capital to the breeding industry, which is beneficial to the establishment and development of modern breeding industry, and is beneficial to the promotion of the development of agriculture; and through the patent system. The internal design of the degree and the regulation of external means can avoid the damage to the interests of farmers, the interests of the developing countries and the public interests due to the patentability of the open non transgenic plants.
The fourth part is the "three sex" analysis of non transgenic plants. Non GM plants can satisfy novelty, practical and creative requirements are the basis for the patentability of open non GM plants. This part is aimed at non GMO plants and non GM plants brought up by the patented method of non GMO plants and the patented method of square law respectively. From three aspects of the patent law, the feasibility of opening the patent of non transgenic plants is demonstrated.
The fifth part is the patent choice of open non GM plants in China. At present, China's patent law clearly stipulates the prohibition of granting patent right to non transgenic plants. However, considering the importance of non GM plants to the development of modern breeding industry and the importance of agricultural safety, it is necessary for us to reexamine non transgenic plants in combination with their own national conditions. Our country has strong non transgenic breeding ability, has a number of internationally competitive breeding enterprises, and is one of the most abundant biological genetic resources in the world. These factors have determined that our country has basically had the conditions for the patentability of the open non rotation based plants. The agricultural development level of our country is lagging behind the developed countries. When designing the patent system for non transgenic plants, we must fully take into account the specific national conditions of our country and make a design conducive to the interests of the country, such as granting the peasants a certain exemption right, improving the examination standard of the "three sex", and establishing and perfecting the protection system of biological genetic resources.
China is a large agricultural country. The protection of intellectual property rights of non transgenic plants is of great significance for the maintenance of national agricultural safety. In recent years, the debate on the patentability of non transgenic plants is becoming increasingly fierce, but few people have systematically studied this problem in our country. This paper tries to make a preliminary inquiry into this problem. In order to arouse domestic scholars' consideration on the patentability of non transgenic plants.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D923.42

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