蘋果寡糖的制備、結構鑒定與抗腫瘤活性研究
發(fā)布時間:2018-06-22 01:05
本文選題:蘋果多糖 + 蘋果寡糖; 參考:《第四軍醫(yī)大學》2013年博士論文
【摘要】:多糖具有廣泛的生物活性,其腫瘤防治作用引起了大家的關注。目前,全球至少有超過30種多糖在臨床進行抗腫瘤、抗艾滋病及治療糖尿病試驗。在日本已有香菇多糖,在我國則有牛膝多糖、云芝多糖、靈芝多糖和豬苓多糖被批準用于臨床。本實驗室研究表明,低分子蘋果多糖對防治結/直腸癌,具有潛在的開發(fā)應用價值。然而,天然多糖類藥物研發(fā)存在以下突出問題:(1)聚糖多以高分子形式存在,分子量范圍跨度大,均一性差,結構不清楚,難于質量控制。(2)藥物活性重復性差,難于在分子水平闡明其作用機制。(3)大分子多糖在體內很難進行跨膜轉運,體內過程不明。(4)提取分離技術與質量控制滯后,現(xiàn)有的提取工藝難以獲得結構均一的多糖。低分子化、均一化是實現(xiàn)天然糖類藥物質量可控的重要策略。 目的: 建立蘋果寡糖的制備、分離純化、結構鑒定的新方法,觀察蘋果寡糖的抗腫瘤作用及其機制,為開發(fā)具有自主知識產權的蘋果寡糖類藥物奠定基礎。 方法: 1.采用水提醇沉的方法,從蘋果渣中分離得到蘋果粗多糖,去除蛋白和色素,再經(jīng)透析分段、DEAE-52和Sepharose CL-4B凝膠柱層析分離得到兩個組分AP-1和AP-2B。對蘋果多糖和純化后的兩種多糖進行糖含量、分子量和UV、IR、旋光度以及單糖組成表征。 2.采用堿解和酶解相結合的方法,制備蘋果寡糖,采用陰離子交換樹脂對寡糖混合物進行分離,得到OS-1、OS-2、OS-3、OS-4和OS-5。采用HPLC柱前衍生化法、MS和NMR對OS-5結構進行分析表征。 3.MTT法檢測OS-1、OS-2、OS-3、OS-4、OS-5和AP-1對6株腫瘤細胞及人正常上皮細胞HIEC活性的影響,篩選出抗腫瘤效果最好的寡糖進行體外抗腫瘤機制研究。采用OS-5處理HT29細胞,通過流式細胞儀檢測HT29細胞凋亡率和細胞周期變化情況,透射電鏡法觀察細胞形態(tài)學的變化;蛋白印跡法檢測凋亡和周期相關蛋白的變化情況,同時采用real time PCR法檢測相關蛋白mRNA的表達,探討OS-5抗腫瘤作用機制。 4.復制致炎劑/致癌劑誘導的ICR小鼠結腸癌模型和裸鼠HT29細胞移植瘤模型,進行實驗治療學觀察。通過病理組織學方法,觀察結腸癌發(fā)生情況;通過ELISA和Western Blot檢測方法,觀察結腸癌小鼠血清TNF-α和Galectin-3含量變化和凋亡相關蛋白的變化。采用腫瘤體積和生存時間等指標,觀察OS-5對移植瘤小鼠腫瘤的抑制效應。 結果: 1.經(jīng)HPSEC分析可知,蘋果多糖是包含有三個不同分子量組分的混合多糖,組分1和組分2為均一性多糖,分子量分別為10kD和1900kD。單糖組成分析結果顯示,蘋果多糖的單糖組成為鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖,摩爾比為1.00:17.67:8.50:4.01:2.03。組分1單糖組成為鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖,摩爾比為1.20:10.00:5.25;組分2單糖組成為鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖和半乳糖,摩爾比為1.00:20.30:8.50:8.03。 2.HPSEC分析結果表明,OS-5純度為99.21%,OS-5是由GalA組合而成,分子量為898,其結構是由(1→4)-β和(1→6)-α-D-GalA線性連接形成的半乳糖醛酸寡聚糖,具體結構為α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-β-D-GalAp-(1→4)-α-D-GalAp。 3.HIEC細胞經(jīng)9μg/mL OS-5處理36h,其增殖率為37.3±1.8%。OS-5對A549、H1299、SMMC7721、HCT116和SW480細胞的活性抑制作用較小。給藥36h,9μg/mLOS-5對H1299、SW480細胞活性抑制率分別為24.99±0.6%、23.4±1.4%,對A549細胞和HCT116細胞的抑制率均低于10%。不同濃度OS-5作用于SMMC7721細胞24h后,細胞抑制率均為25%,不呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴性。OS-5對HT29細胞活性抑制作用比較突出,且呈現(xiàn)時間和濃度依賴性。給予HT29細胞9μg/mLOS-5處理36h后,抑制率為52.6±1.8%。電鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),10μmol/L OS-5處理后的HT29細胞呈現(xiàn)典型凋亡形態(tài)。流式細胞術結果表明,10μmol/L OS-5處理后的HT29細胞凋亡率為45.9%(P0.01),S期細胞占60.86±3.44%,與正常對照組細胞(未用OS-5處理,S期細胞占24.64±1.29%)具有顯著性差異(P0.01),提示OS-5可誘導HT29細胞發(fā)生凋亡和S期阻滯。經(jīng)OS-5處理后的HT29細胞,Bax蛋白表達量明顯升高,同時抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bcl-xl的表達顯著降低。OS-5能夠顯著降低HT29細胞中Cdk2和cyclin B1蛋白的表達,同時增加cyclin A1蛋白表達量。 4.DMH/DSS誘發(fā)的結腸癌小鼠給予OS-5后免疫器官指數(shù)和結腸長度有所改善,胸腺指數(shù)比正常組和模型組顯著增高(P0.05);HE染色結果顯示,OS-5可抑制結腸組織癌細胞的浸潤生長現(xiàn)象;OS-5治療組動物血清中TNF-α水平顯著升高(P0.01),血清中Galectin-3水平比模型組降低,但無顯著性差異;Western Blot顯示OS-5治療組結腸黏膜中Bax表達量升高,Bcl-2和Bcl-xl表達降低,模型組黏膜中Bax表達量顯著降低(P0.01)。裸鼠移植瘤實驗表明,OS-5對HT29細胞移植瘤具有明顯的抑制作用。第35d時,5mg/kg、10mg/kg和20mg/kg OS-5給藥組腫瘤體積分別為:529.84±44.01mm~3、443.81±38.94mm~3和358.96±28.68mm~3,與模型組腫瘤體積998.61±30.79mm~3相比,各給藥組腫瘤體積明顯減。≒0.05)。模型組裸鼠中位生存時間為38.5d,10mg/kg和20mg/kg OS-5給藥組裸鼠中位生存時間分別為39d和47d。 結論: 1.創(chuàng)立了可控性降解獲得蘋果寡糖的方法,得到了OS-1、OS-2、OS-3、OS-4和OS-5五個組分。 2.經(jīng)分析鑒定,OS-5的結構為α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-β-D-alAp-(1→4)-α-D-GalAp,,未見相同的結構報道。 3.體外實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),OS-5對HT29細胞的活性有明顯抑制作用,其作用可能與上調Bax同時降低Bcl-2和Bcl-xl表達誘導細胞凋亡,以及通過降低Cdk2和cyclin B1蛋白的表達同時增加cyclin A1蛋白表達使細胞周期阻滯于S期有關。 4.OS-5對DMH/DSS誘發(fā)的小鼠結腸癌具有明顯的治療作用,并可顯著抑制裸鼠HT29細胞移植瘤的生長,具有進一步開發(fā)前景。
[Abstract]:At present , there are at least 30 kinds of polysaccharides in the world . At present , there are at least 30 kinds of polysaccharides in clinic for anti - tumor , anti - AIDS and treatment of diabetes .
Purpose :
To establish a new method for the preparation , isolation and purification of apple oligosaccharides , to observe the anti - tumor effect and mechanism of the apple oligosaccharide , and to lay the foundation for the development of apple oligosaccharide medicines with independent intellectual property rights .
Method :
1 . The crude polysaccharide of apple was separated from apple dregs by the method of water extraction and alcohol precipitation . The two components AP - 1 and AP - 2B were separated by dialysis , DEAE - 52 and Sepharose CL - 4B gel column chromatography . The sugar content , molecular weight and UV , IR , rotation and monosaccharide composition of the two polysaccharides were characterized .
2 . Using the method of alkaline hydrolysis and enzymolysis to prepare the apple oligosaccharide , the oligosaccharide mixture was separated by anion exchange resin to obtain OS - 1 , OS - 2 , OS - 3 , OS - 4 and OS - 5 . The OS - 5 structure was characterized by HPLC column derivatization , MS and NMR .
3 . The effects of OS - 1 , OS - 2 , OS - 3 , OS - 4 , OS - 5 and AP - 1 on HIEC activity of 6 tumor cells and human normal epithelial cells were detected by MTT assay . The best anti - tumor effect of oligosaccharides was screened .
Western blot was used to detect the changes of apoptosis and cycle - related proteins . Meanwhile , real - time PCR was used to detect the expression of related protein mRNA and to explore the mechanism of OS - 5 anti - tumor action .
4 . The model of ICR mouse colon cancer and the nude mouse HT29 cell transplantation tumor model induced by the replication of the inflammatory agent / carcinogen were observed .
The changes of serum TNF - 偽 and Galectin - 3 and the changes of apoptosis - related proteins were observed by ELISA and Western Blot . The inhibitory effect of OS - 5 on tumor of transplanted tumor was observed by using tumor volume and survival time .
Results :
1 . According to HPSEC analysis , the polysaccharide is a mixed polysaccharide containing three different molecular weight components , the component 1 and component 2 are homogeneous polysaccharides , the molecular weight is 10kD and 1900 kD respectively . The monosaccharide composition of the apple polysaccharide is 1 . 00 : 17 . 67 : 8 . 50 : 4 . 01 : 2 . 03 .
The component 2 monosaccharide composition is rhamnoside , galactose aldehyde acid , glucose and galactose , the molar ratio is 1.00 : 20.30 : 8.50 : 8.03 .
2 . The results of HPSEC analysis showed that the purity of OS - 5 was 99.21 % and OS - 5 was composed of GalA . The molecular weight of OS - 5 was from ( 1 鈫
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