本文選題：開放經(jīng)濟(jì) + 貿(mào)易差額　； 參考：《東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：眾所周知,一國(guó)發(fā)展的基本目標(biāo)是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),其中投資、消費(fèi)和出口是拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的“三駕馬車”。投資和消費(fèi)指的是內(nèi)需,出口指的是進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易,因此,進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易對(duì)一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的作用不言而喻。最近幾年,我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,2012年已成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體,期間進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易不斷擴(kuò)大,關(guān)于我國(guó)在進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易中是貿(mào)易利益主要獲得方的言論不斷出現(xiàn),尤其是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)開放程度的加深,中美貿(mào)易的不斷擴(kuò)大,中國(guó)貿(mào)易順差地位日漸顯著,貿(mào)易利益的爭(zhēng)論使得中美貿(mào)易摩擦加劇。開放經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下,全球生產(chǎn)體系發(fā)生改變,由產(chǎn)業(yè)間生產(chǎn)體系轉(zhuǎn)向產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)體系繼而又發(fā)展到中間產(chǎn)品的垂直化生產(chǎn)體系,中間產(chǎn)品為主導(dǎo)的資源配置相應(yīng)形成并實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)要素跨國(guó)界的流動(dòng),由此貿(mào)易流向和本質(zhì)通過全球生產(chǎn)的深化和產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移的改變發(fā)生了根本性的變化。因此,中美貿(mào)易中我國(guó)順差的地位不能足夠說明我國(guó)是中美貿(mào)易中貿(mào)易利益的獲得者,這要根據(jù)貿(mào)易利益的流向和本質(zhì)的改變具體分析中美貿(mào)易利益究竟誰是貿(mào)易利益的獲得者。 要分析中美貿(mào)易中誰是貿(mào)易利益的獲得者,首先要解決的問題是怎樣衡量貿(mào)易利益,對(duì)此本文從“真實(shí)貿(mào)易利益”角度討論,著重說明的是隨著全球生產(chǎn)體系的變革,貿(mào)易順差不等于貿(mào)易利益,簡(jiǎn)單的“數(shù)量”背后我們追求的是“質(zhì)量”。在“數(shù)量”分析中包含的統(tǒng)計(jì)差異,比較優(yōu)勢(shì)下的服務(wù)貿(mào)易和技術(shù)貿(mào)易,規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)下的跨國(guó)貿(mào)易,垂直分工下的轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易和加工貿(mào)易等使得“數(shù)量”更不具“真實(shí)”代表性,但其中也包含著“質(zhì)量”。“質(zhì)量”包括的是貿(mào)易中技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、分工的地位、產(chǎn)業(yè)的升級(jí)、物價(jià)的平穩(wěn)、收入的增加以及生活環(huán)境等。而這“數(shù)量”中的“質(zhì)量”與“質(zhì)量”就是本文說的“真實(shí)貿(mào)易利益”。為了分析這樣的一個(gè)問題,本文采取了如下論文結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析： 文章一共分為六個(gè)章節(jié)：第一章是引言。包括論文研究的目的和意義、研究現(xiàn)狀、研究思路與安排以及本文創(chuàng)新和研究難點(diǎn)。第二章是論文的理論基礎(chǔ)。包括貿(mào)易利益內(nèi)涵、發(fā)展、測(cè)量以及貿(mào)易利益統(tǒng)計(jì)問題,著重為下文的數(shù)據(jù)分析和模型分析提供理論基礎(chǔ)。第三章是建立第二章的基礎(chǔ)之上,對(duì)中美真實(shí)貿(mào)易利益進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的描述性分析。從宏觀數(shù)據(jù)下的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)、垂直分工以及商品結(jié)構(gòu)的視角下分析；微觀數(shù)據(jù)下從生產(chǎn)者的分工利益、技術(shù)進(jìn)步和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)以及消費(fèi)者的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬、物價(jià)水平和生活環(huán)境視角下分析。第四章是面板協(xié)整模型的實(shí)證,通過現(xiàn)行附加值指標(biāo)構(gòu)建模型,分析的是比較優(yōu)勢(shì)、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)、垂直化程度和商品結(jié)構(gòu)相似性對(duì)出口附加值的影響。第三章和第四章的分析為下文的我國(guó)如何在中美貿(mào)易中獲得真實(shí)貿(mào)易利益提出政策建議。第五章給出我國(guó)應(yīng)著重于自主創(chuàng)新、加大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)力度、發(fā)展技術(shù)貿(mào)易、重視制造服務(wù)業(yè)、引導(dǎo)對(duì)華投資和進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)等,在這些方面采取措施,以在中美貿(mào)易中獲得真實(shí)貿(mào)易利益。第六章給出了本文的結(jié)論：全球生產(chǎn)體系下不同產(chǎn)品的出口國(guó)之間分配失衡,在中美貿(mào)易中貿(mào)易順差的我國(guó)不是獲得利益方,貿(mào)易逆差的美國(guó)也不是貿(mào)易利益損失方。傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易差額的概念不能再反映開放經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下國(guó)家之間貿(mào)易利益的分配。高附加值生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)上的生產(chǎn)和低附加值生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)上的生產(chǎn)之間獲得的貿(mào)易利益存在著巨大的差異,直接把一國(guó)進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易額作為該國(guó)的貿(mào)易利益,更加失實(shí)。出口低附加值、低技術(shù)產(chǎn)品或是初級(jí)產(chǎn)品的我國(guó)從中得到較少的貿(mào)易利益,而出口高附加值、高技術(shù)的產(chǎn)品或是高端工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的美國(guó)則能得到較多的貿(mào)易利益。因?yàn)榍耙活惍a(chǎn)品一般是需求收入彈性較小的必需品,市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)潛力不大,且逐漸被新材料、新能源替代。一國(guó)追求的不應(yīng)該是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中貿(mào)易順差,這只是“數(shù)量”,并不代表就是貿(mào)易中的獲利方,更重要的是要追求“質(zhì)量”型的貿(mào)易路線,重在對(duì)貿(mào)易利益的獲取,從本質(zhì)上通過貿(mào)易的發(fā)展促進(jìn)本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和提高人民生活水平。 本文研究的是開放經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下中美貿(mào)易差額背后的真實(shí)貿(mào)易利益研究,對(duì)于中美真實(shí)貿(mào)易利益流向旨在給出正確的認(rèn)識(shí),樹立我國(guó)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易中的正確地位以制定準(zhǔn)確的貿(mào)易政策,使我國(guó)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易中更大的獲取利益。本文研究是建立在中美貿(mào)易利益分配的基礎(chǔ)上,這對(duì)于我國(guó)與其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易具有參考價(jià)值,但是對(duì)于我國(guó)與發(fā)展中國(guó)家、不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家以及區(qū)域一體化下國(guó)家貿(mào)易之間貿(mào)易利益分析不足,以期待以后能夠完善。
[Abstract]:As we all know, the basic goal of a country's development is to promote economic growth, in which investment, consumption and export are the "three carriages" to stimulate economic growth. Investment and consumption refer to domestic demand. Export refers to import and export trade. Therefore, the role of import and export trade is self-evident to the economic development of a country. In recent years, our country's economy has rapidly developed. The exhibition, in 2012, has become the second largest economy in the world, and the import and export trade is expanding continuously. The comments on China's main trade interests in import and export trade are constantly emerging, especially with the deepening of the economic openness, the expanding trade between China and the United States, the increasing status of China's trade surplus and the debate on trade interests. The trade frictions between China and the United States have intensified. Under the conditions of open economy, the global production system has changed, from the inter industry production system to the industrial production system and the vertical production system developed to the intermediate products. The resource allocation led by the intermediate products formed and realized the flow of production factors across the national boundary, thus the flow and nature of the trade flow. A fundamental change has taken place through the deepening of global production and the change of industrial transfer. Therefore, the status of China's trade surplus in China and the United States can not be sufficient to indicate that China is the winner of trade interests in China and the United States. This is a specific analysis of the trade interests of China and the United States on the basis of the flow of trade interests and the changes in nature. The winner.
In order to analyze the winners of trade interests in China and the United States, the first problem to be solved is how to measure the trade interests. This article is discussed from the perspective of "real trade interests", and emphasizes that with the change of the global production system, the trade surplus is not equal to the trade interests, and the quality behind the simple "quantity" is "quality". The statistical difference contained in the "quantity" analysis, the service trade and technical trade under comparative advantage, the transnational trade under the scale economy, the re export trade and the processing trade under the vertical division of labor make "quantity" less "true", but it also contains "quality". "Quality" includes trade in technology. Progress, the position of division of labor, the upgrading of industry, the stability of prices, the increase of income and the living environment. And the "quality" and "quality" in this "quantity" is the "real trade interest" in this article.
The first chapter is divided into six chapters: the first chapter is the introduction. It includes the purpose and significance of the research, the status of the research, the research ideas and arrangements, and the difficulties in this paper. The second chapter is the theoretical basis of the paper, including the connotation, development, measurement and statistics of trade interests, focusing on the data analysis and model below. The third chapter is based on the establishment of the second chapters, and the descriptive analysis of the real trade interests between China and the United States. From the comparative advantage of the macro data, the economies of scale, the vertical division of labor and the commodity structure, the division interests of the producers, the technological progress and the industrial upgrading under the microdata. The fourth chapter is the empirical analysis of the panel co integration model. The model is constructed by the current added value index. The analysis is the effect of comparative advantage, scale economy, the degree of vertical and the similarity of commodity structure on the export added value. The analysis of the third chapter and the fourth chapter is the following The fifth chapter gives our country's policy suggestions on how to gain real trade interests in China and the United States. We should focus on independent innovation, increase the protection of intellectual property rights, develop technology trade, attach importance to manufacturing service industry, guide investment in China and upgrade industrial structure, and take measures in these aspects so as to get real trade in China and the United States. The sixth chapter gives the conclusion of this article: the imbalance between the export countries of different products under the global production system, China is not a benefit party in China's trade surplus in China and the United States, and the United States of trade deficit is not a loss of trade interests. The concept of the traditional trade balance cannot reflect the state under the open economy. There is a huge difference in the trade interests obtained between production on high value-added production links and production in low value-added production links, which directly takes the amount of a country's import and export trade as the trade interest of the country, and is more unrealistic. The export of low value-added, low technology products or primary products is from China. With less trade interests, high value-added exports, high tech products or high-end industrial products, the United States can gain more trade benefits. The former products are generally the necessities of small demand income elasticity, the market growth potential is small, and the new materials and new energy are gradually replaced. The pursuit of a country should not be international trade. The easy trade surplus, which is only "quantity", does not represent the profit side in trade. More importantly, it is the pursuit of "quality" type of trade line, the gain of trade interests, and the development of its own economy and the improvement of the living standard of the people by the development of trade.
This paper studies the real trade interests behind the trade balance between China and the United States under the conditions of open economy. It aims to give a correct understanding of the flow of real trade interests between China and the United States, set up a correct position in the world economy and trade in order to establish an accurate trade policy and make our country gain more benefits in the world economy and trade. The study is based on the distribution of trade interests between China and the United States, which is of reference value for China's trade with other developed countries, but the analysis of trade interests between China and the developing countries, the underdeveloped countries and the regional integration of the national trade is insufficient, in order to be improved in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F224;F752.7

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