本文選題：非洲菊 + 四倍體��； 參考：《云南大學》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：非洲菊(Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)是世界重要的鮮切花之-,在全球花卉貿(mào)易中占有重要地位,是云南省最具生產(chǎn)及出口優(yōu)勢的鮮切花種類之一。由于我國不具備非洲菊野生資源優(yōu)勢,育種主要憑借國外成熟品種種質(zhì)進行選育。利用優(yōu)良種質(zhì)資源作為材料,快速創(chuàng)制并保護一批具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的核心品種和中間材料,對于我國非洲菊產(chǎn)業(yè)的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。 本研究以引進的優(yōu)良非洲菊主栽品種‘白馬王子’和‘黃金海岸’為材料,從四倍體選育和雌核雙單倍體群體(MDH)構(gòu)建兩個層面開展了非洲菊種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新研究。以建立相關(guān)技術(shù)體系,創(chuàng)制以2個品種為基礎的新品種或育種中間材料,為非洲菊新品種選育奠定基礎。目前,相關(guān)研究尚未見報道。 1、非洲菊四倍體選育 多倍體植株諸多性狀一般比二倍體植株更優(yōu)越。因此本研究利用秋水仙素,對通過愈傷組織誘導途徑及叢生芽誘導途徑獲得的外殖體進行多倍體誘導,獲得非洲菊四倍體新品種或育種中間材料。以外觀形態(tài)變化作為變異指標發(fā)現(xiàn),當以0.02%濃度的秋水仙素對‘白馬王子’的愈傷組織處理36h,其變異率最高,達到26.3%,死亡率為10%；當以0.03%濃度的秋水仙素對‘黃金海岸’愈傷組織處理12h,其變異率最高,達到30.9%,死亡率為12.5%；當以0.6%濃度秋水仙素對‘白馬王子’和‘黃金海岸’的叢生芽處理3d,其變異率最高,均達到60.0%,死亡率分別為18.0%和24.0%。 在形態(tài)學觀查和葉表面氣孔觀測的基礎上,通過根尖組織壓片技術(shù)進行染色體鑒定,經(jīng)分離純化,成功篩選出了2個非洲菊四倍體植株(2n=4x=100)DC4-3和CC4-1。并通過ISSR分子標記輔助,篩選出的3個ISSR引物可有效區(qū)分二倍體及四倍體植株,其檢測結(jié)果與染色體鑒定結(jié)果基本一致。 非洲菊新品種選育的主要指標,研究開展了四倍體植株與二倍體對照植株,形態(tài)、主要園藝和農(nóng)藝性狀、耐冷性、抗疫病性等性狀的比較鑒定。結(jié)果表明： 形態(tài)和園藝性狀比較：相較于二倍體植株,四倍體株系葉面積增大、葉表面質(zhì)感明顯增厚、葉色更為濃綠；氣孔增大,單位葉面氣孔面積明顯增加�！遵R王子’四倍體株系花徑增大,花心顏色更為純白,并且在田間發(fā)現(xiàn)多個雙頭植株；‘黃金海岸’四倍體株系花色加深,花枝底部附著花青素更豐富,重瓣性更好。依據(jù)RHS比色卡標準,二倍體植株花色標準為YELLOE GROUP B,四倍體植株花色標準為YELLOE GROUP A。2個材料花枝直徑及花朵直徑均明顯增加；通過超微結(jié)構(gòu)觀察,與二倍體對照相比,四倍體株系的花粉粒形態(tài)呈現(xiàn)明顯變化。 耐冷性比較：與二倍體相比,兩個非洲菊品種的四倍體株系在4℃低溫脅迫后,其可溶性糖含量、丙二醛含量、SOD活性、葉綠素a含量存在顯著差異,四倍體耐寒性生理指標優(yōu)于二倍體對照。四倍體株系總體上在脅迫各階段凍傷及脫水癥狀均比二倍體對照植株癥狀輕,表現(xiàn)出較好的耐冷性。 抗疫病性狀比較：對栽培后90d非洲菊二倍體及兩個四倍體株系進行隱性疫霉病原菌的接種試驗。結(jié)果表明,與二倍體株系相比,四倍體植株發(fā)病時間平均延長3d,發(fā)病指數(shù)下降,抗性標準提升一級,均從MR提高到了R。 2、雌核雙單倍體群體(MDH)構(gòu)建 雙單倍體(DH)群體構(gòu)建是現(xiàn)代生物育種和新種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制的重要技術(shù),通常通過雜交一代花藥培養(yǎng)獲得。但由于非洲菊花藥培養(yǎng)至今未取得突破,本研究以優(yōu)良雜交品種為材料,通過雌核誘導培養(yǎng)途徑獲得雌核雙單倍體群體(MDH),以達到創(chuàng)制更多雌核雙單倍體育種中間材料。 通過胚狀體直接誘導及間接誘導的方式,共獲得了‘白馬王子’單倍體植株12株,‘黃金海岸’單倍體植株7株。以單倍體植株叢生芽為材料,用秋水仙素誘導加倍。當以0.5%濃度的秋水仙素處理2d時,誘變率最高,達46%及42%。通過葉片氣孔、DNA流式細胞儀及染色體數(shù)目觀查,共檢測出源自‘白馬王子’母體的雙單倍體株系4株(DDHl-4),源自‘黃金海岸’母體的雙單倍體株系6株(CDH1-6)。染色體數(shù)目均為2n=2x=50。 經(jīng)鑒定的MDH材料,其株系間相關(guān)性狀如生育期、花型、花色等呈現(xiàn)明顯差異,反映了其豐富的遺傳類型。隨機選取15株開花的DDH2和CDH6株系,針對葉長、葉寬、葉面積、花枝直徑及花朵直徑等指標,與對應母本進行對比測試。T檢驗結(jié)果表明：除DDH2株系葉寬無顯著差異外,其它各指標均呈減小趨勢,綜合性狀比母本差。
[Abstract]:Geranium ( Germinating ) is one of the most important flowers in the world . It is one of the most important and export - dominant species in Yunnan Province . Because of the lack of wild resource advantage of African daisy , breeding is mainly based on the selection of foreign mature varieties . Using good germplasm resources as material , the core varieties and intermediate materials with independent intellectual property rights are created and protected .

In order to establish the relevant technical system and to create a new variety or intermediate material based on 2 varieties , this study lays a foundation for the breeding of African daisy . At present , the related research has not yet been reported .

1 . Breeding of African Chrysanthemum Tetraploids

In this study , it was found that the variation rate was up to 26 . 3 % and the mortality rate was 10 % .
The results showed that the rate of variation was up to 30.9 % and the mortality rate was 12.5 % .
The variation rate was 60.0 % and the mortality rate was 18.0 % and 24 . 0 % , respectively .

On the basis of morphological observation and leaf surface stomatal observation , the chromosome identification was carried out by root tip tissue tabletting technique . Two African daisy tetraploid plants ( 2n = 4x = 100 ) DC4 - 3 and CC4 - 1 were isolated and purified successfully .

The main indexes of the breeding of the new varieties were studied . The results showed that the characters of tetraploid plants and diploid control plants , morphology , main gardening and agronomic traits , cold resistance and anti - epidemic diseases were identified .

Compared with diploid plants , the leaf area of tetraploid lines increased , leaf surface texture was obviously thickened , leaf color was more green ;
The stoma area of the unit leaves increased obviously . The diameter of the tetraploid lines increased , the color of the flower hearts was more pure , and a plurality of double - headed plants were found in the field ;
According to the RHS specific color card standard , the flower color standard of the diploid plant was " LOE GROUP B " , and the flower color standard of tetraploid plants was obviously increased ;
Compared with the diploid control , the pollen morphology of tetraploid lines showed obvious changes compared with the diploid control .

Compared with diploid , the tetraploids of two African daisy cultivars showed significant difference in soluble sugar content , MDA content , SOD activity and chlorophyll a content after low temperature stress at 4 鈩，

本文編號：1897979