本文選題：非洲菊 + 四倍體　； 參考：《云南大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：非洲菊(Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)是世界重要的鮮切花之-,在全球花卉貿(mào)易中占有重要地位,是云南省最具生產(chǎn)及出口優(yōu)勢(shì)的鮮切花種類(lèi)之一。由于我國(guó)不具備非洲菊野生資源優(yōu)勢(shì),育種主要憑借國(guó)外成熟品種種質(zhì)進(jìn)行選育。利用優(yōu)良種質(zhì)資源作為材料,快速創(chuàng)制并保護(hù)一批具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的核心品種和中間材料,對(duì)于我國(guó)非洲菊產(chǎn)業(yè)的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。 本研究以引進(jìn)的優(yōu)良非洲菊主栽品種‘白馬王子’和‘黃金海岸’為材料,從四倍體選育和雌核雙單倍體群體(MDH)構(gòu)建兩個(gè)層面開(kāi)展了非洲菊種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新研究。以建立相關(guān)技術(shù)體系,創(chuàng)制以2個(gè)品種為基礎(chǔ)的新品種或育種中間材料,為非洲菊新品種選育奠定基礎(chǔ)。目前,相關(guān)研究尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。 1、非洲菊四倍體選育 多倍體植株諸多性狀一般比二倍體植株更優(yōu)越。因此本研究利用秋水仙素,對(duì)通過(guò)愈傷組織誘導(dǎo)途徑及叢生芽誘導(dǎo)途徑獲得的外殖體進(jìn)行多倍體誘導(dǎo),獲得非洲菊四倍體新品種或育種中間材料。以外觀形態(tài)變化作為變異指標(biāo)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)以0.02%濃度的秋水仙素對(duì)‘白馬王子’的愈傷組織處理36h,其變異率最高,達(dá)到26.3%,死亡率為10%；當(dāng)以0.03%濃度的秋水仙素對(duì)‘黃金海岸’愈傷組織處理12h,其變異率最高,達(dá)到30.9%,死亡率為12.5%；當(dāng)以0.6%濃度秋水仙素對(duì)‘白馬王子’和‘黃金海岸’的叢生芽處理3d,其變異率最高,均達(dá)到60.0%,死亡率分別為18.0%和24.0%。 在形態(tài)學(xué)觀查和葉表面氣孔觀測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)根尖組織壓片技術(shù)進(jìn)行染色體鑒定,經(jīng)分離純化,成功篩選出了2個(gè)非洲菊四倍體植株(2n=4x=100)DC4-3和CC4-1。并通過(guò)ISSR分子標(biāo)記輔助,篩選出的3個(gè)ISSR引物可有效區(qū)分二倍體及四倍體植株,其檢測(cè)結(jié)果與染色體鑒定結(jié)果基本一致。 非洲菊新品種選育的主要指標(biāo),研究開(kāi)展了四倍體植株與二倍體對(duì)照植株,形態(tài)、主要園藝和農(nóng)藝性狀、耐冷性、抗疫病性等性狀的比較鑒定。結(jié)果表明： 形態(tài)和園藝性狀比較：相較于二倍體植株,四倍體株系葉面積增大、葉表面質(zhì)感明顯增厚、葉色更為濃綠；氣孔增大,單位葉面氣孔面積明顯增加。‘白馬王子’四倍體株系花徑增大,花心顏色更為純白,并且在田間發(fā)現(xiàn)多個(gè)雙頭植株；‘黃金海岸’四倍體株系花色加深,花枝底部附著花青素更豐富,重瓣性更好。依據(jù)RHS比色卡標(biāo)準(zhǔn),二倍體植株花色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為YELLOE GROUP B,四倍體植株花色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為YELLOE GROUP A。2個(gè)材料花枝直徑及花朵直徑均明顯增加；通過(guò)超微結(jié)構(gòu)觀察,與二倍體對(duì)照相比,四倍體株系的花粉粒形態(tài)呈現(xiàn)明顯變化。 耐冷性比較：與二倍體相比,兩個(gè)非洲菊品種的四倍體株系在4℃低溫脅迫后,其可溶性糖含量、丙二醛含量、SOD活性、葉綠素a含量存在顯著差異,四倍體耐寒性生理指標(biāo)優(yōu)于二倍體對(duì)照。四倍體株系總體上在脅迫各階段凍傷及脫水癥狀均比二倍體對(duì)照植株癥狀輕,表現(xiàn)出較好的耐冷性。 抗疫病性狀比較：對(duì)栽培后90d非洲菊二倍體及兩個(gè)四倍體株系進(jìn)行隱性疫霉病原菌的接種試驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,與二倍體株系相比,四倍體植株發(fā)病時(shí)間平均延長(zhǎng)3d,發(fā)病指數(shù)下降,抗性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提升一級(jí),均從MR提高到了R。 2、雌核雙單倍體群體(MDH)構(gòu)建 雙單倍體(DH)群體構(gòu)建是現(xiàn)代生物育種和新種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制的重要技術(shù),通常通過(guò)雜交一代花藥培養(yǎng)獲得。但由于非洲菊花藥培養(yǎng)至今未取得突破,本研究以?xún)?yōu)良雜交品種為材料,通過(guò)雌核誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)途徑獲得雌核雙單倍體群體(MDH),以達(dá)到創(chuàng)制更多雌核雙單倍體育種中間材料。 通過(guò)胚狀體直接誘導(dǎo)及間接誘導(dǎo)的方式,共獲得了‘白馬王子’單倍體植株12株,‘黃金海岸’單倍體植株7株。以單倍體植株叢生芽為材料,用秋水仙素誘導(dǎo)加倍。當(dāng)以0.5%濃度的秋水仙素處理2d時(shí),誘變率最高,達(dá)46%及42%。通過(guò)葉片氣孔、DNA流式細(xì)胞儀及染色體數(shù)目觀查,共檢測(cè)出源自‘白馬王子’母體的雙單倍體株系4株(DDHl-4),源自‘黃金海岸’母體的雙單倍體株系6株(CDH1-6)。染色體數(shù)目均為2n=2x=50。 經(jīng)鑒定的MDH材料,其株系間相關(guān)性狀如生育期、花型、花色等呈現(xiàn)明顯差異,反映了其豐富的遺傳類(lèi)型。隨機(jī)選取15株開(kāi)花的DDH2和CDH6株系,針對(duì)葉長(zhǎng)、葉寬、葉面積、花枝直徑及花朵直徑等指標(biāo),與對(duì)應(yīng)母本進(jìn)行對(duì)比測(cè)試。T檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：除DDH2株系葉寬無(wú)顯著差異外,其它各指標(biāo)均呈減小趨勢(shì),綜合性狀比母本差。
[Abstract]:Geranium ( Germinating ) is one of the most important flowers in the world . It is one of the most important and export - dominant species in Yunnan Province . Because of the lack of wild resource advantage of African daisy , breeding is mainly based on the selection of foreign mature varieties . Using good germplasm resources as material , the core varieties and intermediate materials with independent intellectual property rights are created and protected .

In order to establish the relevant technical system and to create a new variety or intermediate material based on 2 varieties , this study lays a foundation for the breeding of African daisy . At present , the related research has not yet been reported .

1 . Breeding of African Chrysanthemum Tetraploids

In this study , it was found that the variation rate was up to 26 . 3 % and the mortality rate was 10 % .
The results showed that the rate of variation was up to 30.9 % and the mortality rate was 12.5 % .
The variation rate was 60.0 % and the mortality rate was 18.0 % and 24 . 0 % , respectively .

On the basis of morphological observation and leaf surface stomatal observation , the chromosome identification was carried out by root tip tissue tabletting technique . Two African daisy tetraploid plants ( 2n = 4x = 100 ) DC4 - 3 and CC4 - 1 were isolated and purified successfully .

The main indexes of the breeding of the new varieties were studied . The results showed that the characters of tetraploid plants and diploid control plants , morphology , main gardening and agronomic traits , cold resistance and anti - epidemic diseases were identified .

Compared with diploid plants , the leaf area of tetraploid lines increased , leaf surface texture was obviously thickened , leaf color was more green ;
The stoma area of the unit leaves increased obviously . The diameter of the tetraploid lines increased , the color of the flower hearts was more pure , and a plurality of double - headed plants were found in the field ;
According to the RHS specific color card standard , the flower color standard of the diploid plant was " LOE GROUP B " , and the flower color standard of tetraploid plants was obviously increased ;
Compared with the diploid control , the pollen morphology of tetraploid lines showed obvious changes compared with the diploid control .

Compared with diploid , the tetraploids of two African daisy cultivars showed significant difference in soluble sugar content , MDA content , SOD activity and chlorophyll a content after low temperature stress at 4 鈩，

本文編號(hào)：1897979