本文選題：定向鉆井 + 滑動鉆進　； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著全球范圍內(nèi)油氣資源勘探開發(fā)程度日益加劇，鉆井技術(shù)朝著水平井、大斜度井、大位移井等定向鉆井領(lǐng)域發(fā)展，常規(guī)成熟的滑動導(dǎo)向鉆井方法基本滿足了勘探開發(fā)的需求。但是定向鉆井過程中會遇到大量鉆進難題，如摩阻扭矩大、鉆壓傳遞困難、鉆進效率低等，減摩降扭技術(shù)一直是鉆井界和學(xué)術(shù)界非常關(guān)注的問題，研究重點集中在井眼軌跡控制、鉆井泥漿潤滑性、井眼清潔方法、專用減摩降扭工具研制、高強度鉆具研發(fā)等方面。 國內(nèi)外研制了很多種專用的減摩降扭工具，經(jīng)過相關(guān)技術(shù)調(diào)研，文中介紹了幾種機械式的減摩降扭工具，如威德福滾子減阻器、降摩阻短節(jié)、連續(xù)管減摩器、軸向振蕩減阻器等，有的工具已經(jīng)系列化生產(chǎn)并在很多鉆井工程中得到了成功應(yīng)用，有的工具則還處在理論研究階段或試驗階段，不同的定向鉆井類型，有不同的專用工具，種類層出不窮。但已經(jīng)得到推廣應(yīng)用的產(chǎn)品都是國外鉆井公司研發(fā)生產(chǎn)的，如Agitator軸向振蕩減阻器，國內(nèi)鉆井工程使用該工具就要購置、租賃或者雇傭其技術(shù)服務(wù)，費用極其昂貴，大大增加了鉆井成本，因此國內(nèi)各大鉆井研究機構(gòu)都在加大力度進行專用減摩降扭工具的自主研發(fā)。而射流式?jīng)_擊回轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù)是我國具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的獨特技術(shù)，本文從射流式?jīng)_擊器的工作性能、模擬仿真技術(shù)、測試技術(shù)、試驗應(yīng)用等方面對該技術(shù)進行了全面調(diào)研。 針對定向鉆井中的減摩降扭問題，結(jié)合振動減摩阻技術(shù)和射流式?jīng)_擊回轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù)，研制了一種專用的減摩降扭工具射流式水力振蕩器，其結(jié)構(gòu)由上部的軸向振動短節(jié)和下部的射流式壓力脈沖短節(jié)組成，基本原理是利用脈沖壓力產(chǎn)生軸向振動力，加入井底鉆具組合，改善井內(nèi)鉆柱與井壁或套筒之間的摩擦條件，起到減摩降扭的作用，提高鉆進效率，增強鉆壓傳遞能力，促進井眼軌跡的延伸，加大井眼的資源開發(fā)能力。本文的研究重點主要圍繞射流式水力振蕩器的設(shè)計理論分析、數(shù)值模擬計算和試驗研究，具體的研究內(nèi)容與結(jié)論如下： 1.調(diào)研了減摩降扭技術(shù)和射流式?jīng)_擊回轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和應(yīng)用前景，以及研發(fā)射流式水力振蕩器的必要性和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題，完成了射流式水力振蕩器的圖紙設(shè)計、工作原理分析、CFD數(shù)值模擬計算、樣機加工及兩次地面試驗。 2.對射流式水力振蕩器進行CFD數(shù)值模擬計算，尤其是對壓力脈沖短節(jié)進行了流體參數(shù)的分析，詳細描述了數(shù)值模擬計算步驟，包括湍流模型選擇、算法選擇、計算域網(wǎng)格模型的建立、初始條件和邊界條件的定義、動網(wǎng)格技術(shù)、滑移網(wǎng)格技術(shù)、用戶自定義函數(shù)（UDF）、時間步設(shè)置等。通過CFD數(shù)值模擬計算，監(jiān)測到了工作中射流元件的附壁切換的過程、活塞的往復(fù)運動過程以及活塞桿在節(jié)流盤錐形孔中的往復(fù)運動過程，得到了不同輸入流量條件下射流式水力振蕩器的工作參數(shù)變化情況，并著重研究分析了射流式壓力脈沖短節(jié)的壓力參數(shù)變化情況。 3.通過兩次地面試驗，在不同輸入流量條件下射流式水力振蕩器均能穩(wěn)定可靠的工作，利用數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)采集記錄了射流式壓力脈沖短節(jié)上4個測點的壓力數(shù)據(jù)和軸向振動短節(jié)上1個測點的位移數(shù)據(jù)，重要的是驗證了該技術(shù)的原理可行性。 4.射流式水力振蕩器的振動位移和工作頻率已經(jīng)達到了該工具的設(shè)計要求，但是工作壓力降參數(shù)偏高。 5.有無節(jié)流盤結(jié)構(gòu)對射流式水力振蕩器的正常工作沒有影響，但是節(jié)流盤的存在與否會影響射流式水力振蕩器的工作參數(shù)，其中無節(jié)流盤結(jié)構(gòu)的射流式水力振蕩器的工作壓力降較低。 6.工作壓力降和工作頻率與輸入流量基本呈線性關(guān)系。而振動位移與輸入流量則不是簡單的變化關(guān)系，，在輸入流量小于14L/s時，振動位移值較小，小于3.2mm，而當(dāng)輸入流量大于等于14L/s時，振動位移值較大，大于5.5mm，但是輸入流量為16L/s時，振動位移值卻小于14L/s的位移值。綜合分析可知，14L/s應(yīng)該接近于Φ120mm射流式水力振蕩器工作的最佳輸入流量，振動位移最大，工作壓力降適中。 本文的主要創(chuàng)新點包括： 1.設(shè)計研制了一種用于水平井、大斜度井、大位移井等各種定向鉆井中專用的減摩降扭工具射流式水力振蕩器，將振動減摩技術(shù)和射流式?jīng)_擊回轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù)結(jié)合在一起，起到改善鉆壓傳遞，提高鉆進效率的作用。 2.以往射流式液動沖擊器工作參數(shù)的研究重點是沖擊末速度、沖擊功、沖擊頻率及射流元件的參數(shù)，而射流式水力振蕩器工作參數(shù)的研究重點是工作壓力降、工作頻率及活塞運動在射流元件入口處產(chǎn)生的脈沖壓力值。 3.在CFD數(shù)值模擬計算方面，引入FLUENT軟件中的滑移網(wǎng)格技術(shù)中的Interface設(shè)置，這一功能主要用來處理動態(tài)流體區(qū)域與靜止流體區(qū)域之間存在的交界面，用該技術(shù)來模擬活塞桿下端在節(jié)流盤錐形孔中的往復(fù)運動。 4.采用數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)記錄射流式水力振蕩器的壓力和振動位移數(shù)據(jù)，深入分析研究得到了該工具的工作壓力降、工作頻率及振動位移等參數(shù)隨流量的變化規(guī)律。 目前，射流式水力振蕩器技術(shù)只是在地面試驗中驗證了其原理可行性，該技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用還需要在很多方面進行深入的研究，其工作參數(shù)如工作壓力降、工作頻率、振動位移等都具有很大的改善和優(yōu)化空間，有待于日后進一步深入全面的研究。
[Abstract]:Along with the increasing degree of exploration and development of oil and gas resources in the global scope , the drilling technology has been developed in the field of directional drilling such as horizontal well , large slope well and large displacement well . The conventional mature sliding guide drilling method basically meets the demand of exploration and development . However , it is very important to the drilling industry and the academic circle in the course of directional drilling , such as high friction torque , difficult drilling pressure transmission , low drilling efficiency and the like , and the research focuses on the development of borehole trajectory control , drilling mud lubricity , borehole cleaning method , special antifriction and torsion tool development , high strength drilling tool development and the like .

This paper introduces several kinds of mechanical anti - friction torque - reducing tools , such as Westford roller drag reducer , friction reducing resistance pup joint , continuous tube friction reducer , axial oscillation drag reducer , etc .

In this paper , a special friction reducing and torque - reducing tool jet type hydraulic oscillator is developed for reducing friction and torque reduction problems in directional drilling . The structure is composed of the upper axial vibration pup joint and the lower jet type pressure pulse short section . The basic principle is to use the pulse pressure to generate axial vibration force , to improve the drilling efficiency , to improve the drilling pressure transmission capability , to promote the extension of the borehole trajectory and to increase the resource development capacity of the borehole . The research focus of this paper mainly focuses on the design theory analysis , numerical simulation calculation and experimental study of the jet type hydraulic oscillator , and the specific research contents and conclusions are as follows :

1 . The development status and application prospect of friction reducing and torque reduction technology and jet impinging rotary technology are investigated , and the necessity and key technology of jet type hydraulic oscillator are researched . The drawing design , working principle analysis , CFD numerical simulation calculation , prototype processing and two ground tests are completed .

2 . The numerical simulation of jet type hydraulic oscillator is carried out , in particular to the analysis of the fluid parameters of the short section of the pressure pulse . The numerical simulation calculation step is described in detail , including the selection of the turbulence model , the selection of the algorithm , the definition of the computational domain mesh model , the dynamic grid technology , the slip grid technology , the user custom function ( UDF ) , the time step setting , etc . Through the CFD numerical simulation calculation , the working parameters change of the jet type hydraulic oscillator under different input flow conditions are obtained , and the change of the pressure parameters of the jet type pressure pulse short section is emphatically studied .

3 . Through two ground tests , the jet type hydraulic oscillator can work stably and reliably under different input flow conditions , and the displacement data of the pressure data and the axial vibration pup joint on the short section of the jet type pressure pulse short section are acquired by the data acquisition system . It is important to verify the feasibility of the technology .

4 . The vibration displacement and operating frequency of the jet hydraulic oscillator have reached the design requirement of the tool , but the working pressure drop parameter is high .

5 . There is no influence on the normal operation of the jet type hydraulic oscillator with the structure of the throttle plate , but the presence or absence of the throttle can affect the working parameters of the jet type hydraulic oscillator , and the working pressure drop of the jet type hydraulic oscillator without the throttle plate structure is low .

6 . The working pressure drop and the working frequency are linearly related to the input flow . The vibration displacement and the input flow rate are not the simple change relation . When the input flow rate is less than 14 L / s , the vibration displacement value is smaller and less than 3.2mm , but when the input flow rate is greater than or equal to 14 L / s , the vibration displacement value is smaller than 5 . 5 mm , but when the input flow rate is 16 L / s , the vibration displacement value is smaller than the displacement value of 14 L / s . The comprehensive analysis shows that the vibration displacement is the best , the vibration displacement is the maximum , and the working pressure drop is moderate .

The main innovations of this article include :

1 . A kind of water - reducing and torque - reducing tool jet type hydraulic oscillator used in directional drilling , such as horizontal well , large - deviated well and large - displacement well , is designed and developed . The vibration - reducing technology and jet - type impact - rotating technology are combined to improve the drilling pressure transmission and improve the drilling efficiency .

2 . The research focus of the working parameters of the conventional jet hydraulic impactor is the impact tip speed , the impact work , the impact frequency and the parameters of the jet element , and the research focus of the working parameters of the jet type hydraulic oscillator is the working pressure drop , the operating frequency and the pulse pressure value generated by the movement of the piston at the inlet of the jet element .

3 . In CFD numerical simulation , the interface setting in the sliding grid technique in FLUENT software is introduced . This function is mainly used to deal with the interface between the dynamic fluid area and the stationary fluid area , which is used to simulate the reciprocating motion of the lower end of the piston rod in the conical hole of the throttle plate .

4 . Using the data acquisition system to record the pressure and vibration displacement data of the jet type hydraulic oscillator , the working pressure drop , the operating frequency and the vibration displacement of the tool are analyzed in depth .

At present , the jet - type hydraulic oscillator technology has verified the feasibility of the principle in the ground test , and the application of the technology needs to be deeply studied in many ways , and the working parameters such as the working pressure drop , the working frequency and the vibration displacement have great improvement and optimization space , and further in - depth study will be further developed in the future .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TE921

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