風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)視角下合規(guī)疫苗接種致害的國家責(zé)任研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-14 15:59
【摘要】：在現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)療和科技條件下,疫苗的副作用不可能被完全消除,大規(guī)模的疫苗接種將無可避免地造成少數(shù)接種者的傷害,而疫苗接種過程中國家公權(quán)力的介入引起了相應(yīng)的國家責(zé)任問題。我國采用了強(qiáng)制性接種與自愿性接種相結(jié)合的模式。在最為嚴(yán)重的傳染病面前,行政機(jī)關(guān)采用強(qiáng)制的方式保障民眾普遍接種疫苗,從而維護(hù)個(gè)人健康并增進(jìn)公共福利。對(duì)于相對(duì)而言并不是特別嚴(yán)重的其他傳染疾病,則由民眾自主選擇是否接種,政府在其中僅承擔(dān)信息發(fā)布等任務(wù)。2010年《國家賠償法》確立了違法歸責(zé)原則與結(jié)果歸責(zé)原則相結(jié)合的歸責(zé)體系,但依然沒有徹底解決歸責(zé)原則等核心問題的爭(zhēng)議。而我國的國家補(bǔ)償制度則依然缺乏相應(yīng)的法律規(guī)范乃至憲法依據(jù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上考察現(xiàn)行的疫苗接種致害國家責(zé)任承擔(dān)機(jī)制可發(fā)現(xiàn),我國目前在合規(guī)疫苗接種致害的國家責(zé)任承擔(dān)上僅僅規(guī)定了極其有限的國家補(bǔ)償制度,而并未引入國家賠償制度。盡管行政機(jī)關(guān)在免疫計(jì)劃制定等多個(gè)方面行使公權(quán)力,卻未按照“權(quán)責(zé)一致”的行政法基本原則對(duì)權(quán)力行使中造成的損害負(fù)責(zé)。而現(xiàn)有的補(bǔ)償制度也存在著諸如補(bǔ)償范圍過窄、補(bǔ)償程序不公正、補(bǔ)償中的因果關(guān)系認(rèn)定困難以及地方規(guī)則差異大等一系列問題。疫苗接種規(guī)則的確立實(shí)質(zhì)上是國家對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的權(quán)衡。在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)到來的大背景之下,傳統(tǒng)的國家責(zé)任體系已經(jīng)不敷應(yīng)用。對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的注意義務(wù)使得國家責(zé)任的范圍擴(kuò)大,而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的普遍性、不確定性則致使國家責(zé)任更多面向權(quán)利救濟(jì)而非責(zé)任追究。國家責(zé)任體系必須對(duì)此做出積極的回應(yīng)與變革。具體而言,在我國合規(guī)疫苗接種致害的國家責(zé)任建構(gòu)中,應(yīng)當(dāng)通過對(duì)違法歸責(zé)原則的擴(kuò)張解釋或?qū)^錯(cuò)歸責(zé)原則的引入,確立違反注意義務(wù)的國家賠償責(zé)任。在具體構(gòu)成要件上,應(yīng)以客觀化的高度注意義務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考量國家是否存有過錯(cuò),將政府強(qiáng)制或鼓勵(lì)接種的行為視為行使公權(quán)力的行為,并用“法律因果關(guān)系”替代“科學(xué)因果關(guān)系”進(jìn)行因果關(guān)系的判斷。完善現(xiàn)有的國家補(bǔ)償制度首先需要以《憲法》第三十三條第三款和第四十一條第三款作為國家補(bǔ)償?shù)膽椃ㄒ罁?jù)和理論基礎(chǔ);其次要拓展現(xiàn)有國家補(bǔ)償?shù)姆秶?將心因性反應(yīng)、偶合反應(yīng)致害以及第二類疫苗接種中的一部分致害情形納入補(bǔ)償范圍中;再次,需要從增強(qiáng)制度公正性的角度完善補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的啟動(dòng)程序,增加聽取當(dāng)事人意見的環(huán)節(jié)并提供對(duì)鑒定不服的救濟(jì)途徑;而國家補(bǔ)償中因果關(guān)系認(rèn)定的規(guī)則也需要完成從“科學(xué)因果關(guān)系”向“法律因果關(guān)系”的轉(zhuǎn)變;最后還需對(duì)各地方立法進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一。
[Abstract]:Under existing medical and technological conditions, the side effects of vaccines cannot be completely eliminated, and mass vaccination will inevitably cause harm to a small number of vaccinators. The intervention of the public power in the vaccination process caused the corresponding problems of national responsibility. Our country has adopted the pattern of compulsory inoculation and voluntary inoculation. In the face of the most serious infectious diseases, the executive authorities use compulsory means to protect the general population vaccination, thereby protecting personal health and public welfare. For other infectious diseases that are relatively not particularly serious, it is up to the population to choose whether or not to vaccinate. The government only undertakes the task of releasing information. In 2010, the State compensation Law established the imputation system which combines the principle of imputation with the principle of result imputation, but still has not solved the dispute of the principle of imputation and other core issues. But our country's national compensation system still lacks the corresponding legal norm and even the constitutional basis. On the basis of this, we can find that the current national liability assumption mechanism of vaccination damage can be found that our country has only stipulated a very limited national compensation system on the national liability assumption of compliance vaccination damage at present. The state compensation system has not been introduced. Although the administrative organs exercise public power in many aspects, such as immunization plan formulation, they are not responsible for the damage caused in the exercise of power according to the basic principle of "consistent power and responsibility". However, the existing compensation system also has a series of problems, such as too narrow compensation scope, unfair compensation procedure, difficulty in determining causality in compensation, and great differences in local rules and so on. The establishment of vaccination rules is essentially a national balancing of risks. Under the background of the arrival of risk society, the traditional system of state responsibility has been inadequate. The duty of care on risk makes the scope of state responsibility expand, while the universality of risk and uncertainty lead to the responsibility of state facing more rights relief than accountability. The system of state responsibility must make a positive response and change to this. In particular, in the construction of the national responsibility for the damage caused by the compliance vaccination, the liability of the state for violating the duty of care should be established through the expansion of the principle of liability for illegal liability or the introduction of the principle of fault imputation. In the specific constituent elements, we should consider whether there is fault in the state with the highly objective standard of duty of care, and regard the act of government compulsion or encouragement of inoculation as the act of exercising public power. And "legal causality" instead of "scientific causality" to judge causality. In order to perfect the existing state compensation system, it is necessary to take Article 33, paragraph 3, and Article 41, paragraph 3, of the Constitution as the constitutional basis and theoretical basis for state compensation. Secondly, the scope of national compensation should be expanded to include psychological response, coupling reaction and part of the second type vaccination. Thirdly, it is necessary to improve the starting procedure of compensation mechanism from the angle of enhancing the fairness of the system, increase the link of hearing the opinions of the parties and provide the remedy way of disagreeing with the appraisal. However, the rules of determining causality in state compensation also need to complete the transformation from "scientific causality" to "legal causality"; finally, it is necessary to unify the local legislation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D922.1;D922.16
本文編號(hào)：2331632
[Abstract]:Under existing medical and technological conditions, the side effects of vaccines cannot be completely eliminated, and mass vaccination will inevitably cause harm to a small number of vaccinators. The intervention of the public power in the vaccination process caused the corresponding problems of national responsibility. Our country has adopted the pattern of compulsory inoculation and voluntary inoculation. In the face of the most serious infectious diseases, the executive authorities use compulsory means to protect the general population vaccination, thereby protecting personal health and public welfare. For other infectious diseases that are relatively not particularly serious, it is up to the population to choose whether or not to vaccinate. The government only undertakes the task of releasing information. In 2010, the State compensation Law established the imputation system which combines the principle of imputation with the principle of result imputation, but still has not solved the dispute of the principle of imputation and other core issues. But our country's national compensation system still lacks the corresponding legal norm and even the constitutional basis. On the basis of this, we can find that the current national liability assumption mechanism of vaccination damage can be found that our country has only stipulated a very limited national compensation system on the national liability assumption of compliance vaccination damage at present. The state compensation system has not been introduced. Although the administrative organs exercise public power in many aspects, such as immunization plan formulation, they are not responsible for the damage caused in the exercise of power according to the basic principle of "consistent power and responsibility". However, the existing compensation system also has a series of problems, such as too narrow compensation scope, unfair compensation procedure, difficulty in determining causality in compensation, and great differences in local rules and so on. The establishment of vaccination rules is essentially a national balancing of risks. Under the background of the arrival of risk society, the traditional system of state responsibility has been inadequate. The duty of care on risk makes the scope of state responsibility expand, while the universality of risk and uncertainty lead to the responsibility of state facing more rights relief than accountability. The system of state responsibility must make a positive response and change to this. In particular, in the construction of the national responsibility for the damage caused by the compliance vaccination, the liability of the state for violating the duty of care should be established through the expansion of the principle of liability for illegal liability or the introduction of the principle of fault imputation. In the specific constituent elements, we should consider whether there is fault in the state with the highly objective standard of duty of care, and regard the act of government compulsion or encouragement of inoculation as the act of exercising public power. And "legal causality" instead of "scientific causality" to judge causality. In order to perfect the existing state compensation system, it is necessary to take Article 33, paragraph 3, and Article 41, paragraph 3, of the Constitution as the constitutional basis and theoretical basis for state compensation. Secondly, the scope of national compensation should be expanded to include psychological response, coupling reaction and part of the second type vaccination. Thirdly, it is necessary to improve the starting procedure of compensation mechanism from the angle of enhancing the fairness of the system, increase the link of hearing the opinions of the parties and provide the remedy way of disagreeing with the appraisal. However, the rules of determining causality in state compensation also need to complete the transformation from "scientific causality" to "legal causality"; finally, it is necessary to unify the local legislation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D922.1;D922.16
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