【摘要】：衛(wèi)生行政體系的建立是清末制度變革的一部分，從清末新政發(fā)軔，到民初的承接與發(fā)展，最終于1937年形成了比較完善的衛(wèi)生法律體系，現(xiàn)代意義上的公共衛(wèi)生法制開始落地生根，并改變著民眾觀念，規(guī)范民眾生活，重塑著民族與國家。 本文首先通過回溯中國古代衛(wèi)生法制，說明近代以來衛(wèi)生立法具有的一定社會歷史基礎(chǔ)與淵源。隨著近代社會的急劇轉(zhuǎn)型，“衛(wèi)生”涵義出現(xiàn)了新變化，以日本衛(wèi)生行政制度為模板，衛(wèi)生即“強(qiáng)國”，衛(wèi)生即“公共衛(wèi)生”的觀念被傳入中國，這直接決定并影響著近代衛(wèi)生行政和衛(wèi)生立法的走向。 其次，清末建立起衛(wèi)生行政制度，并初步形成了衛(wèi)生法律體系，以1911年東北鼠疫治理為契機(jī)，以防疫為主的公共衛(wèi)生開始從無到有、從地方性立法向國家性立法過渡。由于社會轉(zhuǎn)型以及政局動蕩的深層因素影響，民國初的中央和地方衛(wèi)生行政機(jī)構(gòu)并不穩(wěn)定，曾幾度裁撤。即使如此，公共衛(wèi)生法律的制定與實施仍卓有成效，不僅公共衛(wèi)生立法的范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，，專業(yè)化、技術(shù)性規(guī)范日益成為公共衛(wèi)生立法的重點。與清末相比，防疫、醫(yī)師登記、環(huán)境、飲食、飲水類等公共衛(wèi)生法規(guī)都形成了體系，更重要的是基本勾畫出了民國公共衛(wèi)生法律制度的概貌。 再次，從兩個層面對對近代公共衛(wèi)生法律制度的實施狀況做了分析，一是描述了近代衛(wèi)生警察制度的建立與發(fā)展，剖析其在公共衛(wèi)生法律法規(guī)的施行過程中是如何發(fā)揮作用的，它是如何以公共衛(wèi)生為載體，將行政權(quán)力逐步深入到社會、干預(yù)并改變著民眾生活的。二是通過對清末衛(wèi)生自治到民國衛(wèi)生運動發(fā)展的過程梳理，來了解公共衛(wèi)生在國家強(qiáng)制力的保障下，在國家的形成過程中的地位和發(fā)揮的影響力。相對于其他部門法規(guī)而言，公共衛(wèi)生法規(guī)來得更直接，更具體，更細(xì)微，它無時無刻不體現(xiàn)著國家權(quán)力的參與，它將原本外在的法律規(guī)范內(nèi)化為了人們的生活習(xí)慣。 最后，本文在以上分析的基礎(chǔ)上，也勾勒出了近代公共衛(wèi)生法制建設(shè)的一個中心與兩條主線：中心是近代國家建構(gòu)下衛(wèi)生行政與公共衛(wèi)生法制的必然發(fā)展趨向；一條主線是公共衛(wèi)生法制發(fā)展與“科學(xué)化”的關(guān)系，即秉持棄中醫(yī)而取西醫(yī)的立法思路；一條主線是公共衛(wèi)生法制發(fā)展與“現(xiàn)代性”的關(guān)系，即建立防疫為主體的國家衛(wèi)生行政和公共衛(wèi)生法律體系。由此可以清晰地發(fā)現(xiàn)近代公共衛(wèi)生法制建設(shè)的五大基本特點，這有助于對近代公共衛(wèi)生法制建設(shè)的成就與局限有總體的認(rèn)識。 近代社會的巨大變革，造成了理想與現(xiàn)實的嚴(yán)重背離，從公共衛(wèi)生法制的建設(shè)來看，政府固然有這樣的決心，奈何積貧積弱的國家現(xiàn)實并不具備充裕的條件，決定了大量公共衛(wèi)生法規(guī)只能屬于一種建構(gòu)性規(guī)則。縱觀近代公共衛(wèi)生法制的發(fā)展，無論是立法的一波三折還是現(xiàn)實中的實施狀況，可謂紛繁復(fù)雜，跌宕起伏，從一個側(cè)面真實展現(xiàn)了近代國家轉(zhuǎn)型的艱難。在制度藍(lán)圖與國情現(xiàn)狀的兩難之中，公共衛(wèi)生法制的建設(shè)好似蝸行蛙步，但卻一直為著國家民族“再造”的目標(biāo)在努力，成就也罷，不足也罷，都給后人留下了啟迪。
[Abstract]:The establishment of the health administrative system is part of the reform of the system of the late Qing Dynasty. From the new policy of the end of the Qing Dynasty to the reception and development of the people's beginning, the perfect health legal system was formed in 1937, the public health legal system in the modern sense began to take root and changed the people's idea. Standardize the people's life and rebuild the nation and the country. This paper first tries to explain the social and historical foundation of health legislation since modern times by tracing back to ancient China's ancient health law. With the rapid transformation of modern society, the connotation of health has changed, and the concept of health, health and public health has been introduced into China in Japan's health administrative system, which directly decides and affects modern health administration and health legislation Second, the establishment of the health administration system in the late Qing Dynasty and the preliminary establishment of the health legal system, taking the northeast of 1911 as an opportunity, the public health started with epidemic prevention started from the absence, from the local legislation to the country As a result of the social transformation and the deep factor of political instability, the central and local health administration institutions in the early Republic of China are not stable. Even so, the formulation and implementation of public health law is still fruitful, not only the scope of public health legislation is further expanded, but the specialization and technical specification are becoming public health increasingly The legislation focuses on public health legislation such as epidemic prevention, doctor registration, environment, diet and drinking water as compared with the end of the Qing Dynasty, and more importantly, the public health law of the Republic of China is drawn up basically. This paper analyzes the implementation status of modern public health law system from two aspects, and describes the establishment and development of modern health police system, and analyzes its implementation process in public health laws and regulations. How to play a role is how to take public health as the carrier, gradually deepen the administrative power deeply into the society, intervene and The purpose of changing people's life is to understand public health in the process of the formation of the state by combing through the process of the development of the health movement in the late Qing Dynasty to the development of the health movement of the Republic of China in the Republic of China. The influence of public health legislation is more direct, more specific and subtle relative to other sectoral regulations. It does not reflect the participation of state power, and it will be translated into the original legal norms. Finally, on the basis of the above analysis, this paper outlines a central and two main lines of modern public health legal system construction: the center is the health administration and public construction under the construction of modern state. The main line is the relationship between the development of the legal system of public health and the scientific relation, i.e. the idea of taking western medicine by discarding traditional Chinese medicine. The main line is the relationship between the development of public health legal system and modernity, namely, the establishment of the national health which is the subject of epidemic prevention. Administrative and public health legal system. This can clearly discover the five basic characteristics of modern public health legal system construction, which helps to construct the legal system of public health in modern times. Achievement and limitation have a general understanding. The great change of modern society has caused serious deviation from ideal and reality. From the construction of public health legal system, the government has such determination, which is weak and weak. The country's reality does not have sufficient conditions to determine a large number of public defenders The birth regulations can only belong to a constructive rule. Throughout the development of modern public health law, whether it is a three-fold or a realistic implementation of legislation, it is complicated, falling and falling down, from one side to another. In the dilemma of the system blueprint and the present situation of national conditions, the construction of the public health legal system is like a frog step, but it has always been the goal of the national 鈥淩eengineering鈥

本文編號：2300357