人類冷凍胚胎的法律屬性及其權(quán)屬問題探析
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-16 11:32
【摘要】：2014年9月17日,江蘇省無錫市中級人民法院就備受社會關(guān)注的“全國首例人體冷凍胚胎權(quán)屬糾紛案”作出二審判決,標(biāo)志著二審法院的判決產(chǎn)生既判力。雖然案件至此已經(jīng)審結(jié),但是由此引發(fā)的學(xué)術(shù)討論卻遠(yuǎn)未終結(jié)。本案兩審法院作出的截然不同的判決,反映出我國人類冷凍胚胎相關(guān)立法的缺失。本案爭議焦點的實質(zhì)就在于冷凍胚胎的法律屬性問題,就該點而言,我國現(xiàn)行法律沒有任何明文規(guī)定。現(xiàn)有規(guī)章中,與此相關(guān)的規(guī)定僅有衛(wèi)生部頒布的兩部部門規(guī)章,即《人類輔助生殖技術(shù)規(guī)范》和《人類輔助生殖技術(shù)管理辦法》。與此同時,受多種因素影響,不孕不育患者的數(shù)量呈逐年遞增趨勢。在如此嚴(yán)峻的社會形勢下,研究人類冷凍胚胎的法律問題具有極其深刻的理論與現(xiàn)實意義。尤其是在中國,受儒家文化長期的影響,國人秉承“不孝有三,無后為大”的理念,在患有不孕不育癥之后,對人工輔助生殖手術(shù)表現(xiàn)出更加強烈的需求。冷凍胚胎技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),無疑是給這些家庭帶去了福音。因此,我國更須及早對冷凍胚胎的法律屬性定性,完善相關(guān)法律法規(guī),滿足社會生活的實際需要,維護(hù)人們的合法權(quán)益。關(guān)于人類冷凍胚胎的學(xué)說,有主體說,客體說和折中說。三種學(xué)說均有一定的理論依據(jù)且存在各自的支持者,結(jié)合生物科學(xué)、倫理哲學(xué)及宗教神學(xué)等學(xué)科理論并聯(lián)系中外主流學(xué)說與法律規(guī)定展開探討,即可發(fā)現(xiàn)主體說并不符合生物學(xué)、倫理學(xué)及宗教學(xué)對“人”的定義,且如若采納主體說,以人類胚胎為研究對象的實驗將會被禁止,我國醫(yī)學(xué)事業(yè)的發(fā)展勢必因此受到巨大影響。除此之外,墮胎行為亦會與殺人行為等同,婦女權(quán)益得不到保障,我國人口數(shù)量將失去控制,從而不利于人民生活安定和社會秩序的良好運行。而采納中介說將徹底顛覆傳統(tǒng)民法體系結(jié)構(gòu),就目前的情況而言,遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到需要否定現(xiàn)有民法“人——物”二分體系的地步,盲目改革不僅對民法體系造成前所未有的沖擊,還忽視了法解釋學(xué)的功能,亦與法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論相悖。相比之下,客體說中的倫理物說在遵循道德倫理的基礎(chǔ)上,堅持現(xiàn)有民法二分體系的前提下,創(chuàng)造性地利用物格理念為人類胚胎提供了一種特殊的規(guī)制視角,以一種較為溫和的方式推進(jìn)法學(xué)理論改革。既然立法目的在于保障公民、法人的合法權(quán)益,正確調(diào)整權(quán)利人與義務(wù)人之間的法律關(guān)系,那么如若將冷凍胚胎定位為倫理物能夠明確當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系、解決雙方矛盾糾紛,就沒有必要將人類胚胎定位為“人”,更無必要在主客體之間創(chuàng)設(shè)第三類民法的范疇。然而,考慮到人類冷凍胚胎在本質(zhì)上具有發(fā)展成人的潛在可能,在肯定其為物的同時,必須禁止一切有關(guān)冷凍胚胎的交易行為。所以,雖然人類冷凍胚胎是物,但并不能夠具備財產(chǎn)屬性,可將之定位為“非財產(chǎn)性物權(quán)”,并以特殊的方法對其進(jìn)行規(guī)制。既然冷凍胚胎屬于物,那么權(quán)利人理應(yīng)享有相應(yīng)的物權(quán),權(quán)利有歸屬就易產(chǎn)生糾紛。有效的糾紛解決方案的提出,是研究的最終落腳點。簡而言之,醫(yī)院與患者之間就胚胎所有權(quán)歸屬產(chǎn)生糾紛時,應(yīng)以術(shù)前協(xié)議為判決依據(jù)。在婚姻關(guān)系解除時,權(quán)屬糾紛解決則需具體問題具體分析,堅持意思自治、聯(lián)系實際、兼顧女方及其他弱勢方利益的原則作出裁判。當(dāng)權(quán)利人去世以后,冷凍胚胎的所有權(quán)依法可由其繼承人繼受取得,繼承人的順位與傳統(tǒng)繼承法上的順位略有不同,所有繼承人分為四個順位,依次為配偶;父母;子女;兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母。若要解決法院處理該類案件無法可依的問題,立法部門盡快出臺相應(yīng)法律法規(guī)方是根本措施,其中最先需要確定的是在法律效力的層級賦予人類冷凍胚胎倫理物的法律屬性。于詳細(xì)的規(guī)則出臺之前,可先行頒布原則性規(guī)范及輔助性規(guī)則,用以應(yīng)對當(dāng)下的社會問題。在相關(guān)法律制定、修改之際,堅持從多部部門法同時著手,以期形成一個相互配套的法律體系,從而更好地應(yīng)對實際生活中發(fā)生的各種案件。
[Abstract]:In September 17, 2014, the intermediate people's Court of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, made a two trial on the "first case of the country's first human frozen embryo rights dispute", which marks the judgment of the court of second instance. Although the case has been concluded at the end of the case, the discussion of the study has not been terminated. The court of two trials of the case made the case. The very different judgments reflect the lack of legislation on human frozen embryos in our country. The essence of the dispute in this case lies in the legal nature of the frozen embryo. At this point, the current law of our country has no explicit provisions. In the existing regulations, the relevant regulations are only the two department regulations promulgated by the Ministry of health, that is, "human" At the same time, the number of infertility patients is increasing year by year under the influence of many factors. Under such a severe social situation, the study of the legal problems of human frozen embryos is of profound theoretical and practical significance. Especially in China, it is Ru Jiawen. After the long term influence, the Chinese people, adhering to the concept of "unfilial and three," "after being infertile", have shown a stronger demand for artificial assisted reproductive surgery after suffering infertility. The emergence of frozen embryo technology is undoubtedly the gospel for these families. Therefore, our country must be more early on the legal attributes of frozen embryos and improve the quality of the law. Relevant laws and regulations meet the actual needs of social life and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of people. The theory of human frozen embryos has the main body, object and compromise. The three theories have a certain theoretical basis and have their own supporters, combining the theories of biological science, ethical philosophy and religious theology and related to the mainstream of China and foreign countries. The study of the doctrine and the legal provisions can find that the subject theory does not conform to the definition of biology, ethics and the teaching of the "man", and if the subject is adopted, the experiment of the human embryo as the research object will be forbidden, and the development of the medical cause in our country will be greatly influenced. In addition, the abortion will also be killed with the murder. With the same behavior, the rights and interests of women are not guaranteed, the population number of our country will be out of control, which is detrimental to the stability of the people's life and the good operation of the social order. And the adoption of intermediary theory will completely subvert the traditional civil law system structure. As far as the current situation is concerned, it is far from the point that the existing civil law "man and material" two system is not determined. The blind reform not only caused an unprecedented impact on the civil law system, but also ignored the function of Law Hermeneutics, but also contradicted the theory of law and economics. In contrast, on the basis of following the moral ethics and adhering to the two system of the existing civil law, the object theory provides the creative use of the concept of matter grid for human embryos. A special angle of regulation to promote the reform of legal theory in a relatively mild way. Since the purpose of legislation is to guarantee the legal rights and interests of citizens and legal persons, and to correctly adjust the legal relations between the rights holders and the obligor, if the frozen embryo is positioned as an ethical substance, the rights and obligations of the parties can be clearly defined and the two sides can solve the problem. There is no need to locate human embryos as "human" or to create third categories of civil law between the host and the guest. However, considering that the human frozen embryo is in essence a potential for adult development, it is necessary to prohibit all transactions relating to frozen embryos while affirming it. The frozen embryo is a thing, but it can not have property property, it can locate it as "non property right", and regulate it in a special way. Since the frozen embryo belongs to the object, the right person should enjoy the corresponding property right, and the right has the right to belong to the dispute. The effective dispute settlement proposal is the final research. In short, when there is a dispute between the hospital and the patient on the ownership of the ownership of the embryo, the preoperation agreement should be the basis for the decision. In the case of the dissolution of the marriage, the settlement of the ownership disputes requires specific analysis, insisting on the autonomy, the practice, and the principle of taking into account the principle of the interests of the women and his disadvantaged parties. After the world, the ownership of the frozen embryo can be obtained by its successor. The succession of the successor is slightly different from that in the traditional inheritance law. All the successors are divided into four sequences, in turn, their spouses, parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and grandparents. It is the fundamental measure to introduce the relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible. The first need to determine the legal attribute of the human frozen embryo ethics is given at the level of legal effect. Before the introduction of the detailed rules, the principles and auxiliary rules can be promulgated to deal with the current social problems. At the same time, we must persist in starting from the multiple departmental law, with a view to forming a complementary legal system so as to better cope with all kinds of cases in real life.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D922.16
[Abstract]:In September 17, 2014, the intermediate people's Court of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, made a two trial on the "first case of the country's first human frozen embryo rights dispute", which marks the judgment of the court of second instance. Although the case has been concluded at the end of the case, the discussion of the study has not been terminated. The court of two trials of the case made the case. The very different judgments reflect the lack of legislation on human frozen embryos in our country. The essence of the dispute in this case lies in the legal nature of the frozen embryo. At this point, the current law of our country has no explicit provisions. In the existing regulations, the relevant regulations are only the two department regulations promulgated by the Ministry of health, that is, "human" At the same time, the number of infertility patients is increasing year by year under the influence of many factors. Under such a severe social situation, the study of the legal problems of human frozen embryos is of profound theoretical and practical significance. Especially in China, it is Ru Jiawen. After the long term influence, the Chinese people, adhering to the concept of "unfilial and three," "after being infertile", have shown a stronger demand for artificial assisted reproductive surgery after suffering infertility. The emergence of frozen embryo technology is undoubtedly the gospel for these families. Therefore, our country must be more early on the legal attributes of frozen embryos and improve the quality of the law. Relevant laws and regulations meet the actual needs of social life and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of people. The theory of human frozen embryos has the main body, object and compromise. The three theories have a certain theoretical basis and have their own supporters, combining the theories of biological science, ethical philosophy and religious theology and related to the mainstream of China and foreign countries. The study of the doctrine and the legal provisions can find that the subject theory does not conform to the definition of biology, ethics and the teaching of the "man", and if the subject is adopted, the experiment of the human embryo as the research object will be forbidden, and the development of the medical cause in our country will be greatly influenced. In addition, the abortion will also be killed with the murder. With the same behavior, the rights and interests of women are not guaranteed, the population number of our country will be out of control, which is detrimental to the stability of the people's life and the good operation of the social order. And the adoption of intermediary theory will completely subvert the traditional civil law system structure. As far as the current situation is concerned, it is far from the point that the existing civil law "man and material" two system is not determined. The blind reform not only caused an unprecedented impact on the civil law system, but also ignored the function of Law Hermeneutics, but also contradicted the theory of law and economics. In contrast, on the basis of following the moral ethics and adhering to the two system of the existing civil law, the object theory provides the creative use of the concept of matter grid for human embryos. A special angle of regulation to promote the reform of legal theory in a relatively mild way. Since the purpose of legislation is to guarantee the legal rights and interests of citizens and legal persons, and to correctly adjust the legal relations between the rights holders and the obligor, if the frozen embryo is positioned as an ethical substance, the rights and obligations of the parties can be clearly defined and the two sides can solve the problem. There is no need to locate human embryos as "human" or to create third categories of civil law between the host and the guest. However, considering that the human frozen embryo is in essence a potential for adult development, it is necessary to prohibit all transactions relating to frozen embryos while affirming it. The frozen embryo is a thing, but it can not have property property, it can locate it as "non property right", and regulate it in a special way. Since the frozen embryo belongs to the object, the right person should enjoy the corresponding property right, and the right has the right to belong to the dispute. The effective dispute settlement proposal is the final research. In short, when there is a dispute between the hospital and the patient on the ownership of the ownership of the embryo, the preoperation agreement should be the basis for the decision. In the case of the dissolution of the marriage, the settlement of the ownership disputes requires specific analysis, insisting on the autonomy, the practice, and the principle of taking into account the principle of the interests of the women and his disadvantaged parties. After the world, the ownership of the frozen embryo can be obtained by its successor. The succession of the successor is slightly different from that in the traditional inheritance law. All the successors are divided into four sequences, in turn, their spouses, parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and grandparents. It is the fundamental measure to introduce the relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible. The first need to determine the legal attribute of the human frozen embryo ethics is given at the level of legal effect. Before the introduction of the detailed rules, the principles and auxiliary rules can be promulgated to deal with the current social problems. At the same time, we must persist in starting from the multiple departmental law, with a view to forming a complementary legal system so as to better cope with all kinds of cases in real life.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D922.16
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