本文選題：農(nóng)村 + 狂犬病防治��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：近一二十年來,我國各大城市的城區(qū)基本上沒有出現(xiàn)過狂犬病報告案例。一是因為城市有比較完善的養(yǎng)犬管理規(guī)定,在一定程度上限制了犬群數(shù)量,規(guī)范了犬只管理。二是城市居民經(jīng)濟狀況良好,可以為其飼養(yǎng)犬只進行免疫,暴露后又能夠積極主動進行預(yù)防接種,所以幾乎沒有感染的情況發(fā)生。但是在農(nóng)村,由于缺乏完善的養(yǎng)犬管理規(guī)定,再加上文化水平普遍不高和經(jīng)濟條件差等原因,農(nóng)村居民基本上不知道或無力為其飼養(yǎng)的犬只進行免疫,其暴露后的有效預(yù)防接種情況也不理想,農(nóng)村地區(qū)成為事實上的狂犬病疫區(qū),農(nóng)村居民成為狂犬病最大的受害者。因此,我國狂犬病防治的重點在農(nóng)村,控制農(nóng)村犬畜狂犬病疫情是消除狂犬病的核心。 我國現(xiàn)行狂犬病防治法律規(guī)范為城鄉(xiāng)一體適用,但是,由于城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)的差異,我國農(nóng)村地區(qū)與城市地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平差異巨大,現(xiàn)行城鄉(xiāng)一體適用的狂犬病防治法律體系與農(nóng)村實際情況脫節(jié),無法達到有效防治與消除農(nóng)村狂犬病疫情的目標(biāo)。我國狂犬病防治法律規(guī)范應(yīng)適用城鄉(xiāng)分立,農(nóng)村狂犬病防治法律規(guī)范應(yīng)結(jié)合農(nóng)村的實際情況而制定。不過,狂犬病防治既是一個長期的過程,也是一個創(chuàng)新與改革的過程。立法應(yīng)當(dāng)隨著農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展,而隨時作出調(diào)整。我國現(xiàn)階段,狂犬病防治之立法適用城鄉(xiāng)分立是合理的。但是,等到農(nóng)村狂犬病疫情得到基本控制與消除,農(nóng)村居民與城市居民經(jīng)濟和生活水平相差不大的時候,可以考慮制定城鄉(xiāng)一體適用的狂犬病防治之法律規(guī)范,進一步簡化狂犬病防治之法律規(guī)范。 我國農(nóng)村狂犬病防治之立法,關(guān)鍵在于要解決好現(xiàn)實中存在的農(nóng)村犬只管理難,狂犬病防治專項經(jīng)費不足,城鄉(xiāng)間犬只交易混亂等問題�，F(xiàn)行立法存在的問題有：采用了飼養(yǎng)人責(zé)任本位及剛性管理的立法原則,導(dǎo)致隨之設(shè)計的制度難以適用于農(nóng)村地區(qū)；管理體制上,一是沒有專門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)協(xié)調(diào)組織機構(gòu),二是部門職責(zé)分工不明確,從而導(dǎo)致管理上的多頭與混亂；三是基本制度存在空白及現(xiàn)有制度不完善的問題。 域外國家和地區(qū)狂犬病防治立法的一般經(jīng)驗是：在立法原則的確立上,注意整合好各方利益,充分考量養(yǎng)犬人利益、非養(yǎng)犬人利益以及社會公共利益三方之間的平衡。在立法內(nèi)容上,完善登記與免疫、嚴(yán)格動物管理、嚴(yán)格出入境檢疫、嚴(yán)密疫情監(jiān)控。域外立法經(jīng)驗對我國農(nóng)村狂犬病防治立法有如下啟示：要更多地考量公民利益,增強政府行為的服務(wù)性,堅持減輕公民負(fù)擔(dān)、以人為本及管理服務(wù)至上的立法原則；相關(guān)制度的設(shè)計應(yīng)當(dāng)符合社會的實際發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和經(jīng)濟水平；在具體方法上,要在立法中大膽改革與創(chuàng)新,不斷堅持完善現(xiàn)行立法,并使所立之法律規(guī)范體例完整,語言規(guī)范,內(nèi)容規(guī)定與其他相關(guān)法律緊密相連。 我國農(nóng)村狂犬病立法對策建議如下：制定專門的《農(nóng)村狂犬病防治條例》,完善農(nóng)村狂犬病防治法律規(guī)范體系；在立法原則上堅持以人為本、政府責(zé)任本位、管理服務(wù)至上(減輕負(fù)擔(dān)、政府責(zé)任本位,人性化管理)三個原則；(在目前著力全面消除狂犬病的階段,應(yīng)提高統(tǒng)籌指揮工作的管理層級,)管理體制上,在中央層級成立“農(nóng)村狂犬病防治指揮中心”,在疫區(qū)各省、市、縣(自治縣、區(qū))成立“農(nóng)村狂犬病防治指揮小組”,在疫點各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)成立“農(nóng)村狂犬病防治指揮小組”,統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)指揮各地農(nóng)村狂犬病防治工作；建立和完善如下基本制度：強制登記免疫制度、疫情監(jiān)測制度、費用負(fù)擔(dān)制度、城鄉(xiāng)犬只交易制度、處罰制度、疫苗監(jiān)管制度、教育宣傳制度。
[Abstract]:In recent 20 years , there have been basically no cases of rabies in the urban areas of our country . This is because the city has comparatively perfect dog management regulations , which limits the number of dogs and regulates the dog management . However , in the countryside , there is almost no infection . However , in rural areas , due to the lack of perfect dog management regulations , the rural residents are the most victims of rabies . Therefore , the prevention and control of rabies in our country is the core of the elimination of rabies .

The legislation of the prevention and cure of rabies is a long - term process , and it is a process of innovation and reform . However , the legislation of the prevention and control of rabies is a long - term process , and it is a process of innovation and reform .

The legislation of the prevention and cure of Chinese rural rabies is the key to solve the problems of the difficulty of managing the rural dogs in the reality , the insufficient funds for the prevention and cure of rabies , and the confusion of the dog in the urban and rural areas . The existing legislation has the following problems : adopting the legislation principle of raising the person ' s responsibility and rigid management , which leads to the difficulty of the system which is designed to be applicable to rural areas ;
In the management system , there is no special leadership coordination organization , the second is the division of division of responsibility of the department is not clear , leading to the management of the multi - head and confusion ;
Third , there is a gap between the basic system and the imperfect existing system .

The general experience of legislation on the prevention and cure of rabies in foreign countries and regions is that , on the basis of the establishment of the legislative principle , we should pay attention to the integration of the interests of all parties , fully consider the balance between the interests of the dog and the interests of the dog and the three sides of the public interest .
The design of the relevant system should conform to the actual development situation and economic level of society ;
in that concrete method , we should reform and innovate boldly in the legislation , continue to perfect the current legislation , and make the legal norms of the law complete , the language norm and the content provision are closely connected with other relevant laws .

The legislative countermeasure of our country ' s rural rabies is as follows : the establishment of special laws and regulations on prevention and control of rabies in rural areas , and perfecting the legal norm system of rural rabies prevention and control ;
In principle , the legislation adheres to the three principles of people - oriented , government responsibility standard , management service first ( tax burden , government responsibility standard , humanization management ) ;
( In the stage of comprehensive elimination of rabies at present , the management level and management system of integrated command and command shall be improved , and the " Rural Rabies Prevention and Control Command Center " shall be established at the central level , and the " Rural Rabies Prevention and Control Command Group " shall be established in various provinces , cities and counties ( autonomous counties and districts ) of the epidemic areas to coordinate and coordinate the prevention and control work of rural rabies in various areas ;
Establish and perfect the following basic system : compulsory registration of immunization system , epidemic situation monitoring system , cost burden system , urban and rural dog trading system , penalty system , vaccine supervision system and educational propaganda system .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D922.16

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