本文選題：流域生態(tài)補償　切入點：生態(tài)保護與修復　出處：《吉林大學》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：2012年黨的十八大報告明確指出大力推進生態(tài)文明建設，必須依靠制度保護生態(tài)環(huán)境；2014年4月修訂的新《環(huán)境保護法》中明確提出建立健全生態(tài)保護補償法律制度；黨的十八屆四中全會也再次重申要用嚴格的法律制度保護生態(tài)環(huán)境。因此，生態(tài)補償法律制度的建構對推進我國生態(tài)文明法治化進程，加強生態(tài)環(huán)境保護具有重要的意義。 流域生態(tài)保護與修復是恢復受損流域生態(tài)服務功能，促進人與自然和諧共處的關鍵環(huán)節(jié)。實踐中，流域生態(tài)保護與修復過程中不同主體在水資源利用，水環(huán)境保護以及生物多樣性保護等方面的利益關系較難平衡，難以實現流域生態(tài)保護目標。因此，解決流域生態(tài)保護與修復一直是一個難題。生態(tài)補償作為一種新型的環(huán)境管理手段，以保護和可持續(xù)利用生態(tài)系統服務為目的，能夠很好地協調生態(tài)環(huán)境保護中各種利益關系，緩解流域用水主體之間的矛盾，成為恢復和保護流域內生態(tài)環(huán)境的重要措施。 依據我國流域生態(tài)環(huán)境及生態(tài)保護與修復的現況，我們應從生態(tài)需水保障、水環(huán)境保護、生境和生態(tài)敏感區(qū)保護、水生生物保護等方面進行流域水生態(tài)保護與修復，并依此需要來完善現有法律制度的建構。我國流域生態(tài)保護與修復過程中由于沒有統一的生態(tài)補償法律規(guī)范，導致了生態(tài)補償標準不合理，對生態(tài)補償實施情況的評價制度不規(guī)范及不健全等問題。因此，需要進一步完善流域生態(tài)保護與修復中的生態(tài)補償法律制度，從而促進流域生態(tài)保護與修復高效運行。 由于流域生態(tài)保護與修復具有較強的公共物品屬性，，生態(tài)補償制度實施過程中又涉及多方面利益，因此必須維護生態(tài)補償過程中的利益關系平衡，保障利益分配相對均衡。所以，本文通過構建流域博弈模型，對生態(tài)補償制度中補償主體間的相互關系以及生態(tài)補償因子進行了博弈分析。分析結構顯示，制度缺失情形下，平等主體間生態(tài)補償陷入“囚徒困境”，主體間橫向轉移支付對流域生態(tài)保護與修復處于無效狀態(tài)。生態(tài)保護與修復主要與當事人成本收益相關，所以為高效促進流域生態(tài)保護與修復必須完善生態(tài)補償法律制度的建構，應將國家納入重要的生態(tài)補償主體，提供更多的公共產品和生態(tài)服務。同時，還必須對國家、自然人、企事業(yè)單位、社會團體等生態(tài)補償法律關系主體進行具體分析，從而解析流域生態(tài)補償法律關系中貨幣補償、實物補償、政策補償等客體，進而研究生態(tài)補償法律關系的內容。強調完善的法律體系是流域生態(tài)補償的前提，水權清晰界定是流域生態(tài)補償的基礎，補償標準的確定是流域生態(tài)補償的核心，政府與市場相輔相成是流域生態(tài)補償的主要路徑，區(qū)域合作機制是流域生態(tài)補償的重要保障。 因此，我們應從政府管理與協調，市場管理與協調兩個方面建構生態(tài)補償的管理與協調機制，分析流域修復與保護的生態(tài)補償資金運作機制，從而健全生態(tài)保護與修復生態(tài)補償資金使用制度，健全生態(tài)保護與修復生態(tài)補償資金審計與監(jiān)督管理制度，完善水資源使用權交易制度，健全生態(tài)產業(yè)項目公示評審與優(yōu)先激勵制度，并在此基礎上建立生態(tài)補償的長效機制。
[Abstract]:Eighteen report clearly pointed out that in 2012 the party to promote the construction of ecological civilization, we must rely on the system to protect the ecological environment; the new environmental protection law > < revised in April 2014 clearly put forward to establish and perfect the legal system of compensation for ecological protection; the fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee the party also reiterated the strict legal system to protect the ecological environment. Therefore, the legal system of ecological compensation the construction of ecological civilization of China to promote the process of rule of law, it has important significance to strengthen the protection of the ecological environment.
The protection and restoration of ecological restoration of damaged watershed ecosystem services is the key link, promote the harmonious coexistence between man and nature. In practice, the process of ecological protection and restoration in different subjects in water resources utilization, benefit relationship of water environment protection and biodiversity protection and other aspects of the more difficult to balance, it is difficult to achieve ecological protection objectives therefore, to solve the ecological protection and restoration is always a difficult problem. The ecological compensation as a new means of environmental management, the protection and sustainable use of ecosystem services for the purpose of good coordination between the various interests in the protection of the ecological environment, alleviate the contradiction between water body, has become an important measure of recovery and to protect the ecological environment of the basin.
According to the current situation of China's ecological environment and ecological protection and restoration, we should protect the ecological water demand, water environmental protection, protection of habitat and ecological sensitive area, aquatic biological protection for ecological protection and restoration of water basin, and it needs to improve the construction of the existing legal system of ecological compensation legal norms. Because there is no uniform China's river basin ecological protection and restoration process, which led to the ecological compensation standard is not reasonable, the implementation of ecological compensation evaluation system is not standardized and not perfect. Therefore, the need to further improve the basin ecological compensation legal system state protection and repair, so as to promote the ecological protection and restoration of efficient operation.
Because of the protection and restoration of watershed ecology has the attribute of public goods is strong, the implementation process of the ecological compensation system and involves many interests, must therefore interest balance maintenance in the process of ecological compensation, to protect the interests of a relatively balanced distribution. Therefore, this paper constructs the game model of the flow domain, the relationship between the compensation subject of ecological compensation system in the and the ecological compensation factor for the game analysis. Structural analysis showed that lack of system under the condition of equal subjects of ecological compensation in "prisoner's dilemma", subject to horizontal transfer payments between the protection and restoration of watershed ecology is in an invalid state. The ecological protection and restoration of the main parties and related costs and benefits, so as to promote the construction of effective protection and restoration of watershed ecology must perfect the legal system of ecological compensation, ecological compensation should be countries into the important subject, to provide more public Products and ecological services. At the same time, but also on the national, natural persons, enterprises and institutions, the subject of ecological compensation legal relationship of social groups to carry out specific analysis, and analysis of river basin ecological compensation legal relationship of monetary compensation in kind compensation, compensation, policy object, and then study the legal relationship of ecological compensation. Emphasize the perfect legal system is the premise of basin ecological compensation, water rights clear demarcation is the basis of ecological compensation, the determination of compensation standard is the core of ecological compensation, the government and the market complement each other is the main path of ecological compensation mechanism of regional cooperation is an important guarantee for ecological compensation.
Therefore, we should from the government management and coordination, the two aspects of market management and coordination of construction management and coordination mechanism of ecological compensation of watershed restoration and protection of the ecological compensation fund operation mechanism, so as to perfect the system of the use of ecological protection and restoration of ecological compensation funds, strengthen ecological protection and restoration of ecological compensation funds audit and supervision and management system. Improve the trading system the right to use water resources, improve the ecological industry priority project publicity evaluation and incentive system, and on this basis to establish a long-term mechanism of ecological compensation.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D922.68

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