【摘要】：為了應對不斷緊迫的反恐現(xiàn)狀,各國在反恐怖主義犯罪立法層面上做了積極的應對。將特定人群的單純組織集合的組織行為上升為實行行為,進而做犯罪化的處理。本質是將特定人群做出實行犯罪行為之前,先行判斷其存在的危險性。這種立法模式雖然十分有利于防范和打擊恐怖活動犯罪,但是也要認識到有侵犯到正當群體利益的危險性。所以,對恐怖活動犯罪組織的認定要采取審慎謙抑的態(tài)度。從現(xiàn)行的立法來看,恐怖活動組織犯罪仍存在概念界定不清、責任認定有爭議等問題,這些十分不利于對恐怖活動組織的預防和打擊�？植阑顒咏M織,是指以暴力、威脅、恐嚇等手段,危害公共安全,擾亂社會秩序,以實現(xiàn)恐嚇、要挾社會,政治或者政治傾向性的社會目的三人或者三人以上極為固定的犯罪組織。根據主體的不同,當前認定恐怖活動組織的模式主要分為兩種:司法認定模式和行政認定模式,國際上這兩種模式有逐漸融合的趨勢。我國采取的是以行政認定為主,司法認定為輔的認定模式。恐怖活動組織犯罪成員包括首要分子、組織者、領導者、積極參加者和其他參加者。首要分子的行為主要包括組織行為、領導行為、策劃行為、指揮行為。組織者是指為恐怖活動組織的組建為目的,通過策劃、拉攏、培訓安排將分散的人聚集起來的行為人。領導者則是在恐怖組織成立之后,負責恐怖組織日�；顒拥拈_展的統(tǒng)帥者。我國刑法中雖然是對整個恐怖活動犯罪組織進行定性懲處,但是成員內部由于分工與作用不同,應承擔的刑事責任也是不同的。首要分子承擔刑事責任應該按照主觀責任原則和個人責任原則,責任范圍應該是集團內部所犯罪行。具體來說,客觀上,首要分子必須參與實施了犯罪行為。這里的實施不僅僅包括親自實施,如果組織內部成員的實施在首要分子延續(xù)限定的集團犯罪而組織策劃犯罪范圍之內,也屬于首要分子的實施內容。主觀上,認識到組織內部犯的罪行是在他行為界定并且支配的范圍之內,并且對這些行為的后果持希望或者放任的態(tài)度。在量刑上,對首要分子要采取罪責刑相適應原則和從嚴從重原則。我們通過《刑法修正案(九)》可以看出,當前我國恐怖活動犯罪刑事立法受安全刑法觀和敵人刑法的影響較深,與國內國際的反恐形勢相對照。但是,仍然在立法用語、罪名配置、刑罰配置上有很多地方需要完善。在此基礎上筆者提出立法建議,力求對嚴厲打擊恐怖活動組織犯罪有所裨益。
[Abstract]:In order to deal with the urgent situation of anti-terrorism, various countries have made positive response in the aspect of anti-terrorist crime legislation. The organization behavior of the simple group of organizations of a specific group is raised to practice behavior, and then criminalized. The essence is to judge the danger of a specific group of people before committing a crime. Although this kind of legislation mode is very helpful to prevent and crack down on the crime of terrorist activities, it should also recognize the danger of encroaching on the legitimate group interests. Therefore, the determination of terrorist criminal organizations should take a prudent and modest attitude. From the point of view of current legislation, there are still some problems such as unclear definition of the concept of organized crime of terrorist activities and controversial responsibility, which are very unfavorable to the prevention and strike against terrorist organizations. Terrorist organizations refer to the use of violence, threats, intimidation and other means to endanger public safety and disrupt social order in order to achieve intimidation and blackmail society. A criminal organization of three or more persons for political or politically-oriented social purposes. According to the difference of the subject, there are two main modes of identifying terrorist organizations: judicial confirmation and administrative recognition, which have a trend of gradual integration in the international community. Our country adopts the administrative cognizance primarily, the judicial cognizance as the auxiliary confirmation pattern. Criminal members of terrorist organizations include ringleaders, organizers, leaders, active participants and other participants. The behavior of ringleader mainly includes organizational behavior, leadership behavior, planning behavior and command behavior. The organizer refers to the person who gathers the scattered people through planning, soliciting and training for the purpose of organizing terrorist activities. The leader is the leader in charge of the daily activities of the terrorist organization after the establishment of the organization. Although the criminal law of our country carries on the qualitative punishment to the entire terrorist activity criminal organization, but the member internal because of the division of labor and the function is different, should bear the criminal responsibility is also different. Ringleaders should bear criminal responsibility according to the principle of subjective responsibility and individual responsibility, and the scope of responsibility should be crimes committed within the group. Specifically, objectively, the ringleader must be involved in the commission of the crime. The implementation here not only includes the personal implementation, but also belongs to the implementation content of the ringleader if the implementation of the internal members of the organization is within the scope of the group crime defined by the ringleader and the organization plans the crime. Subjectively, it is recognized that the crimes committed within the organization are within the scope of the definition and domination of other acts, and that there is a hopeful or laissez-faire attitude to the consequences of these acts. In sentencing, the ringleaders should adopt the principle of adaptation of crime, responsibility and punishment, and the principle of strict and serious punishment. Through the Criminal Law Amendment (9), we can see that the current criminal legislation of terrorist activities in our country is deeply influenced by the view of criminal law on security and the criminal law of the enemy, which is compared with the situation of anti-terrorism at home and abroad. However, there are still many areas to be improved in terms of legislation, charge allocation and penalty allocation. On the basis of this, the author puts forward legislative suggestions and tries to be helpful to crack down on the organized crime of terrorist activities.
【學位授予單位】：鄭州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D924.3

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