【摘要】：我國是航運(yùn)大國,航運(yùn)業(yè)在我國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有重要地位�？梢赃@么說,我國海運(yùn)業(yè)的發(fā)展對(duì)我國的對(duì)外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康運(yùn)行有著重大影響,而船員作為海運(yùn)業(yè)第一線的工作者,是船舶運(yùn)輸行業(yè)的最主要的勞動(dòng)者,在海運(yùn)生產(chǎn)中起著十分重要的作用。另外,船員也通常被認(rèn)為是我國海軍的重要后備力量之一,在海上防衛(wèi)方面也會(huì)起到相當(dāng)重要的作用。從公共政策的原則考慮,保護(hù)船員這一群體的合法權(quán)益有重要意義:此種保護(hù)不僅保護(hù)了船員本身的權(quán)利,而且也能夠服務(wù)于我國的公共政策,即使是船東也正是依賴于從事這一職業(yè)的人們而最終獲益。 但是,由于受我國傳統(tǒng)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,目前我國調(diào)整船員權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范大都散見于有關(guān)的法律、法規(guī)和規(guī)章中,基本上是以單行的規(guī)范性文件的形式出現(xiàn),并且只有管理性的規(guī)定比較健全,涉及勞動(dòng)合同、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)、社會(huì)保障等方面的內(nèi)容則非常零散而且也不全面,即使1993年頒布的《中華人民共和國海商法》也只是以幾個(gè)簡單的條文對(duì)船員的任用資格及船長的職責(zé)權(quán)限做出了原則性的規(guī)定,長期以來都是中國遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司的《船員管理?xiàng)l例》起著《船員法》的作用,目前為止我國仍沒有制定專門的船員法來保護(hù)這一特殊主體的利益,使得我國現(xiàn)有的有關(guān)船員權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)范已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)的需要。加之航運(yùn)事業(yè)固有的艱苦性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及我國社會(huì)正處于轉(zhuǎn)型期等原因(尤其是九十年代后期以來,海員工資和岸上工資差距的急劇縮小),船員職業(yè)已經(jīng)沒有足夠的吸引力,以致愿意從事船員職業(yè)的人們大幅減少,大批優(yōu)秀的高級(jí)船員也在不斷的流失。 然而船員職業(yè)又完全不同于陸地上普通職業(yè):從事這一職業(yè)的人們不但需要系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)培訓(xùn),還需要良好的心理素質(zhì)、身體素質(zhì)和長期的經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累,尤其對(duì)一名高級(jí)船員的成長而言,更是需要多年的實(shí)踐和不斷的學(xué)習(xí)、培訓(xùn)。因此,在我國航運(yùn)業(yè)不斷發(fā)展壯大的今天,要維持一支優(yōu)秀而穩(wěn)定的船員隊(duì)伍,我國政府不但需要做出長遠(yuǎn)的規(guī)劃,而且需要及早制定和完善的各項(xiàng)政策和法律法規(guī)來保障。 為此,本文將從船員勞動(dòng)合同的有關(guān)規(guī)定、船員社會(huì)保障和船員勞務(wù)輸出等方面出發(fā),同當(dāng)今世界各國現(xiàn)行的法律法規(guī)進(jìn)行比較,并且主要是同各國勞動(dòng)法的相關(guān)規(guī)
[Abstract]:China is a big shipping country, and the shipping industry plays an important role in our national economy. It can be said that the development of China's maritime transport industry has a major impact on the development of China's foreign trade and the healthy operation of the national economy, and the crew, as the frontline workers in the maritime transport industry, are the most important workers in the shipping industry. It plays a very important role in shipping production. In addition, the crew is usually regarded as one of the important reserve forces of our navy, and also plays a very important role in maritime defense. Considering the principles of public policy, it is important to protect the legitimate rights and interests of crew members: such protection not only protects the rights of crew members themselves, but also serves the public policy of our country. Even shipowners ultimately benefit from relying on the people in this profession. However, due to the influence of China's traditional planned economy, at present, most of the legal norms regulating the relationship between the rights and obligations of crew members in our country are scattered in the relevant laws, regulations and rules, basically appearing in the form of separate normative documents. Moreover, only the provisions of management are relatively sound, and the contents relating to labor contracts, labor protection, social security, etc., are very scattered and not comprehensive. Even though the Maritime Law of the people's Republic of China promulgated in 1993, it only stipulates in principle the qualifications of crew members and the duties and powers of masters in several simple articles. For a long time, the regulations on crew management of China Ocean Shipping Company have played the role of "crew Law". So far, China has not formulated a special crew law to protect the interests of this special subject. The existing norms of crew rights and duties in China are far from meeting the needs of reality. Coupled with the inherent hardship and risks of the shipping industry and the fact that our society is in a period of transition (especially since the late 1990s, when the gap between seafarers' wages and shore wages shrank sharply), the seafarers' profession has become less attractive. As a result, the number of people willing to engage in the crew profession has decreased dramatically, and a large number of good officers are constantly losing. However, the occupation of crew is completely different from the ordinary occupation on land: the people in this profession need not only systematic knowledge training, but also good psychological, physical and long-term experience. Especially for the growth of an officer, it takes years of practice and continuous learning and training. Therefore, in order to maintain an excellent and stable crew, our government not only needs to make long-term plans, but also needs to formulate and perfect policies and laws and regulations as soon as possible. Therefore, this article will start from the relevant provisions of the crew labor contract, the crew social security and the crew labor service export and so on, carries on the comparison with the current laws and regulations of various countries in the world, and mainly with the relevant regulations of the labor law of various countries.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海事大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類號(hào)】：D922.294

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