本文選題：獨立保證 + 《聯(lián)合國獨立擔(dān)保和備用信用證公約》��； 參考：《湖南師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 國際貿(mào)易中充滿包括信用風(fēng)險在內(nèi)的種種風(fēng)險，擔(dān)保是債權(quán)人控制信用風(fēng)險、債務(wù)人提升其信用的手段之一。擔(dān)保可分為物的擔(dān)保和人的擔(dān)保。人的擔(dān)保即為保證，傳統(tǒng)民商法認(rèn)為保證具有從屬性。隨著國際貿(mào)易的頻繁開展，信用風(fēng)險越發(fā)凸顯，從屬性保證已不能滿足債權(quán)人及時受償?shù)囊�。從事國際貿(mào)易的商人借鑒傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)性跟單信用證的制度架構(gòu)創(chuàng)造以獨立保函和備用信用證為表現(xiàn)形式的獨立保證，其核心特質(zhì)在于獨立保證人拋棄從屬保證人的種種抗辯權(quán)，從而實現(xiàn)債權(quán)人及時、快速受償。然而，不同的法律制度在獨立保證方面缺乏明確性和統(tǒng)一性，由此造成諸多糾紛，阻礙其在國際貿(mào)易中發(fā)揮進(jìn)一步的作用。鑒于此，國際商會先后出臺了一系列相關(guān)的慣例，聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會也擬訂了《聯(lián)合國獨立擔(dān)保和備用信用證公約》(以下如無特別說明，均簡稱為“《公約》”)，《公約》于1995年12月在聯(lián)合國大會上表決通過，并于2000年1月1日正式生效，這對獨立保函和備用信用證法律趨同化產(chǎn)生了重大影響。對《公約》的深入研究將對我國銀行相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)的快速發(fā)展產(chǎn)生十分積極的影響，同時也將為我國相關(guān)立法的完善提供重要的參考。本文分為八個部分： 第一部分主要探討制訂《公約》的背景、法律動因和過程。制訂《公約》的背景和動因在于：獨立保證由于其優(yōu)勢在國際貿(mào)易中得到廣泛運用，而相關(guān)國際慣例存在種種不足，同時各國又普遍缺乏獨立保證的立法，，為了給獨立保證當(dāng)事人提供確定的法律預(yù)期，聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會決定在參照相關(guān)慣例的基礎(chǔ)上制訂《公約》。 第二部分至第七部分結(jié)合相關(guān)國際慣例、《公約》擬訂過程的資料并結(jié)合相關(guān)法理評析《公約》主要條款，探討《公約》的價值取向及協(xié)調(diào)各方利益沖突的技巧。簡述如下： 第二部分集中評析《公約》的適用范圍條款。本文認(rèn)為，《公約》采用“雙軌制”立法模式將適用范圍限定于國際性的獨立保證，目的在于使已有相關(guān)成熟立法的國家接受《公約》；《公約》有關(guān)適用范圍的內(nèi)容也體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)事人意思自治的原則。 第三部分集中評析《公約》有關(guān)承保的形式和內(nèi)容的規(guī)定。本文認(rèn)為有關(guān)承保生效時間的規(guī)定糅合了主要國家學(xué)術(shù)界的觀點，對保證人／開證人的責(zé)任作了嚴(yán)格規(guī)定；索款權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓及收益讓渡的內(nèi)容體現(xiàn)了受益人的利益；有關(guān)索款權(quán)利取消的規(guī)定較相關(guān)慣例更為全面。 第四部分結(jié)合相關(guān)法理集中評析《公約》中有關(guān)當(dāng)事人權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)定。本文認(rèn)為，保證人／開證人行為準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定及其擁有抵銷權(quán)的規(guī)定體現(xiàn)作為保證人／開證人的銀行的利益。 第五部分結(jié)合主要國家的司法實踐及相關(guān)法理集中分析《公約》中的欺詐例外條款。本文認(rèn)為，《公約》界定獨立保證欺詐的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實際上借鑒了美國“實質(zhì)性欺詐”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，由于該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較為寬松，《公約》規(guī)定嚴(yán)格的證據(jù)要求來防止濫用欺詐例外條款。同時，《公約》的相關(guān)規(guī)定間接表述了欺詐例外豁免的原則，借以保護(hù)善意第三人的利益。本文也認(rèn)為，《公約》用描述式的手法界定欺詐例外的情形是立法技巧的一種創(chuàng)新。 第六部分在總結(jié)相關(guān)國家實踐的基礎(chǔ)上分析了《公約》有關(guān)臨時司法措施的規(guī)定，本文認(rèn)為這些規(guī)定只是框架性的。之后，本文評析了《公約》的最后條款，認(rèn)為不允許保留的規(guī)定體現(xiàn)了聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會急于統(tǒng)一該領(lǐng)域立法的初衷。 第七部分總結(jié)了《公約》的若干特點，并對其前景作出展望。本文認(rèn)為該國際法律文件采用公約這一形式，有助于在國際層面實現(xiàn)國際性獨立保函和備用信用證法律制度的統(tǒng)一；其立法技巧帶有英美法系的特點；而“雙軌制”的立法模式將適用范圍限定于國際性的獨立保證；內(nèi)容與已有慣例兼容、互補具有前瞻性，較好地平衡了保證人／開證人和受益人的利益；此外，《公約》首次在獨立保證領(lǐng)域為防止欺詐制訂明確的強行性規(guī)則。本文認(rèn)為《公約》前景很大程度上取決于美國國會是否批準(zhǔn)該公約。美國銀行界出臺ISP98的初衷是抵制《公約》，并意圖與《公約》形成競爭局面，在分析ISP98存有不足的基礎(chǔ)上，筆者認(rèn)為將二者結(jié)合使用才能形成雙贏的局面。 第八部分詳細(xì)分析了我國獨立保證法律制度的現(xiàn)狀，認(rèn)為獨立保證雖然在我國實體法上己得到承認(rèn)，但有關(guān)其具體運作的規(guī)定卻存在支離破碎的情況。基于以上分析，筆者認(rèn)為像我國這樣一個缺乏獨立保證成熟立法的國家可不顧他國立場，基于自身利益考量加入《公約》，借以整合相關(guān)法律法規(guī)，并在適用相關(guān)國際慣例時發(fā)揮《公約》“安全閥”的作用。
[Abstract]:The international trade is full of all kinds of risks including credit risk. Guarantee is one of the means that the creditor controls the credit risk and the debtor promotes its credit. The guarantee can be divided into the guarantee of the goods and the person's guarantee. The guarantee is the guarantee. The traditional civil and commercial law believes that the guarantee has the property. With the frequent development of international trade, the more credit risk is. From the attribute guarantee, the guarantee of the creditor can not meet the requirement of the creditor's timely payment. The businessman engaged in international trade creates independent guarantee for the independent guarantee and the standby letter of credit for reference by the institutional framework of the traditional commercial documentary letter of credit. The core trait is that the independent witness will abandon the plea rights of the subordinate guarantor. However, the lack of clarity and unity in the independent guarantee of the different legal systems, however, has caused many disputes and hinders its further role in international trade. In view of this, the ICC has introduced a series of relevant conventions, and the United Nations Commission on international trade law has also drawn up. The United Nations Convention on independent guarantees and standby letters of credit (hereinafter referred to as the "< convention >"), which was adopted at the United Nations General Assembly in December 1995 and formally entered into force in January 1, 2000, has a significant impact on the assimilation of the laws of independent letters of guarantee and standby letters of credit. The in-depth study of the Convention will be The rapid development of China's Bank related business has a very positive impact, and it will also provide an important reference for the improvement of relevant legislation in China. This paper is divided into eight parts:
The first part mainly discusses the background, the legal motivation and the process of making the "Convention >". The background and motivation of the formulation of the < convention > is that the independent guarantee is widely used in international trade because of its advantages, and there are various shortcomings in the relevant international practices. At the same time, there is a general lack of independent guarantee legislation in all countries, in order to provide the independent guarantee to the parties. For the determination of the legal expectations, the United Nations Commission on international trade law decides to draw up the Convention on the basis of relevant practices.
The second to the seventh part, in combination with relevant international practices, the information of the process of the Convention and the relevant jurisprudence and analysis of the main provisions of the Convention, explores the value orientation of the Convention and the techniques for coordinating the conflicts of interests between the parties.
The second part concentrates on the scope of the scope of the application of the Convention. This article holds that the Convention adopts the "double track" legislative model to limit the scope of application to international independent guarantees, with the aim of making the countries with relevant mature legislation accept the Convention; the contents of the scope of application of the Convention also reflect the principle of the autonomy of the parties.
The third part concentrates on the provisions of the form and content of the Convention on the underwriting of the Convention. This article holds that the provisions relating to the time of entry into force are mixed with the views of the major national academia and strictly stipulate the responsibilities of the guarantor / witness; the transfer of the rights of the claims and the content of the yield transfer reflect the interests of the beneficiaries; and the right to the payment of the rights of the beneficiary. The provisions of the cancellation are more comprehensive than the relevant practices.
The fourth part combines the relevant jurisprudence to analyze the provisions of the rights and obligations of the parties in the Convention. This article holds that the provisions of the code of conduct of the guarantor / witness and the provisions of the right to have the right of set off reflect the interests of the Bank of the guarantor / witness.
The fifth part combines the judicial practice and the relevant jurisprudence of the major countries to analyze the fraud exception clause in the Convention. This article holds that the standard of the Convention defines the standard of "substantive fraud" in the United States, which is in fact the standard of "substantive fraud" in the United States. Because the standard is relatively loose, the Convention > stipulates strict evidence requirements to prevent the abuse of fraud. At the same time, the relevant provisions of the Convention indirectly express the principle of exemption for fraud exceptions to protect the interests of third people in good faith. This article also holds that the Convention is an innovation of Legislative Skill by defining the case of fraud exceptions in a descriptive manner.
The sixth part analyses the provisions of the provisional judicial measures of the Convention on the basis of the summary of the practice of the relevant countries. This article considers that these Provisions are only framework. After that, the article evaluates the final clauses of the Convention and considers that the provisions of the non permission of the Convention reflect the intention of the United Nations Commission on international trade law to unify the legislation in this field.
The seventh part summarizes the characteristics of the Convention and looks forward to its prospects. This article holds that the adoption of the Convention in this international legal document will help to realize the unification of international independent guarantee and the legal system of standby letter of credit at the international level; its legislative skills are characterized by the Anglo American legal system; and the legislative model of the "double track system" The scope of application is limited to an international independent guarantee; the content is compatible with existing practices, complementarity is forward-looking, well balances the interests of the guarantor / witness and beneficiary; in addition, the Convention for the first time establishes a clear and strong rule in the field of independent assurance for the prevention of fraud. This article holds that the prospect of the Convention is largely taken. The United States Congress decides whether the United States Congress ratified the Convention. The original intention of the ISP98 is to resist the Convention and to form a competitive situation with the Convention. On the basis of the analysis of the shortcomings of the ISP98, the author believes that the combination of the two can form a win-win situation.
The eighth part analyses the status of the legal system of our country's independent guarantee in detail, and thinks that although the independent guarantee has been recognized in our substantive law, the provisions on its specific operation are fragmented. Based on the above analysis, the author thinks that a country like our country, which lacks the lack of independent guarantee, can ignore his country. The position is based on its own interests to join the Convention, so as to integrate relevant laws and regulations, and to play the role of the Convention "safety valve" in the application of relevant international practices.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：D996

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 李國安;獨立擔(dān)保欺詐例外法律問題研究[J];現(xiàn)代法學(xué);2005年02期

本文編號：1968869