發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-26 13:38

  本文選題：09年保險(xiǎn)法 + 投保人��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：在保險(xiǎn)交易中,保險(xiǎn)人欺騙和誤導(dǎo)投保人、濫用合同解除權(quán)、濫用保險(xiǎn)合同的格式條款、拖延理賠時(shí)間等不公平的現(xiàn)象非常普遍,這些不公平的現(xiàn)象對(duì)投保人的利益造成了重大損害,也使我們對(duì)保險(xiǎn)法應(yīng)該如何進(jìn)-步保護(hù)投保人利益的思考成為現(xiàn)實(shí)必要。2009年新保險(xiǎn)法以加強(qiáng)對(duì)投保人利益的保護(hù)為立法宗旨,對(duì)舊保險(xiǎn)法的不足進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)地修改,在具體制度上進(jìn)一步明確了雙方的權(quán)利和義務(wù),對(duì)保護(hù)投保人利益具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,其進(jìn)步性是毋庸置疑的,但仍存在不足之處。 筆者認(rèn)為,加強(qiáng)對(duì)投保人利益的保護(hù)有其深厚的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ),它不僅是民商法中弱者保護(hù)原則和保險(xiǎn)法追求實(shí)質(zhì)公平價(jià)值理念的內(nèi)在要求,而且是保險(xiǎn)交易格式化和消費(fèi)化的客觀需要。新保險(xiǎn)法的修訂,在告知義務(wù)、說明義務(wù)、解除權(quán)的行使、合同成立與生效以及理賠時(shí)限方面彌補(bǔ)了舊保險(xiǎn)法的不足,合理借鑒了外國(guó)的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)加強(qiáng)保護(hù)投保人利益有重要作用。但是,新保險(xiǎn)法對(duì)投保人利益的保護(hù)還不夠全面,仍有需要改進(jìn)的地方。新保險(xiǎn)法在告知義務(wù)的主觀要件和法律后果方面都進(jìn)行了修改,有利于減輕投保人的告知義務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān),但是缺少了對(duì)告知范圍的限定。采用“詢問規(guī)則”將確定告知事實(shí)范圍的權(quán)利完全交給了保險(xiǎn)人一方,容易造成保險(xiǎn)人為了防范經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而任意擴(kuò)大告知范圍的現(xiàn)象,所以,為避免出現(xiàn)這種不公平現(xiàn)象維護(hù)雙方的利益平衡,需要在制度上對(duì)這種“詢問規(guī)則”進(jìn)行完善,賦予投保人對(duì)重要事實(shí)的反證權(quán)。對(duì)于說明義務(wù),新保險(xiǎn)法進(jìn)行了重點(diǎn)修改,表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)化說明義務(wù)的立法趨勢(shì),有利于保護(hù)投保人的知情權(quán),這是值得肯定的。但是,在違反說明義務(wù)的法律后果方面規(guī)定得過于簡(jiǎn)單。對(duì)于違反免責(zé)條款的明確說明義務(wù)僅僅是規(guī)定了該條款無效,對(duì)于違反一般說明義務(wù)的情況也沒有規(guī)定對(duì)保險(xiǎn)人的懲罰措施或者賦予投保人應(yīng)有的救濟(jì)權(quán)利,這樣的規(guī)定略顯粗糙,使保險(xiǎn)法對(duì)保險(xiǎn)人違反說明義務(wù)的懲罰遠(yuǎn)不如對(duì)投保人違反告知義務(wù)的懲罰嚴(yán)重,在責(zé)任的分配上明顯失衡,有違公平原則。人身保險(xiǎn)中預(yù)收保費(fèi)的情況在保險(xiǎn)實(shí)務(wù)中很常見,但是對(duì)于核保期間的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是否應(yīng)由保險(xiǎn)人承擔(dān)的問題,保險(xiǎn)法沒有具體規(guī)定,筆者認(rèn)為預(yù)收保費(fèi)在一定程度上能夠降低投保人反悔的幾率避免保險(xiǎn)人浪費(fèi)過多的核保資源。這種方式對(duì)保險(xiǎn)人來說是有利的但卻損害了投保人的資金使用權(quán),所以保險(xiǎn)人在得到好處的同時(shí)也應(yīng)該承擔(dān)一定的責(zé)任,否則對(duì)投保人利益的保護(hù)非常不利,有違利益平衡原則。另外,新保險(xiǎn)法還忽視了對(duì)免責(zé)條款范圍的規(guī)定以及對(duì)“說明”和“明確說明”在履行方式和程度上的區(qū)分,使這些有利于保護(hù)投保人利益的制度缺乏可操作性。對(duì)于免責(zé)條款的范圍,筆者認(rèn)為應(yīng)該根據(jù)明確說明義務(wù)的本意以及保險(xiǎn)法修改的立法宗旨將其限定為：除外責(zé)任條款和投保人或被保險(xiǎn)人未履行特定義務(wù)保險(xiǎn)人可以解除合同、拒絕賠償或者終止合同的條款。對(duì)于“一般說明”和“明確說明”的區(qū)分,在履行方式上,一般說明應(yīng)采取被動(dòng)說明方式,明確說明宜采取主動(dòng)說明與被動(dòng)說明相結(jié)合的方式：在履行程度上,一般說明應(yīng)該采用理性外行人標(biāo)準(zhǔn),要求保險(xiǎn)人的解釋應(yīng)該足以使一般的保險(xiǎn)外行人理解即可。明確說明則應(yīng)該采用理性外行人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為主,具體投保人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為補(bǔ)充的方式。這樣不僅有利于提高說明義務(wù)的可操作性,使保險(xiǎn)人在實(shí)踐中突出對(duì)免責(zé)條款的明確說明,而且也不忽視對(duì)-般條款的被動(dòng)說明,做到兩者兼顧又突出重點(diǎn),從而使投保人的利益得到最大程度的保護(hù)。 所以,對(duì)于新保險(xiǎn)法的不足,應(yīng)該從維護(hù)利益平衡和增加可操作性方面進(jìn)一步完善,使投保人的利益得到更全面的保護(hù)。具體建議：在詢問規(guī)則中增加投保人對(duì)重要事實(shí)的反證權(quán)、對(duì)保險(xiǎn)人不履行說明義務(wù)的法律后果作具體規(guī)定、增加核保期間對(duì)投保人利益的保障以平衡雙方當(dāng)事人的利益；對(duì)免責(zé)條款的范圍進(jìn)行明確規(guī)定、對(duì)“說明”與“明確說明”的履行方式和程度進(jìn)行區(qū)分以增強(qiáng)保險(xiǎn)人履行說明義務(wù)的可操作性。
[Abstract]:In the insurance trade , the insurer fraud and misleading the policy holder , the abuse of the right to terminate the contract , the abuse of the form clauses of the insurance contract , the delay of the settlement time and other unfair phenomena are very common , these unfair phenomena have caused great harm to the interests of the policyholder , and the deficiency of the old insurance law has been systematically modified . In the concrete system , the rights and obligations of both parties are further clarified .

The author thinks that strengthening the protection of the interests of the policyholder has its profound theoretical and realistic foundation , it is not only the inherent requirement of the protection principle of the weak person in the civil and commercial law , but also the objective need of the insurance trade format and consumerization . The general description should adopt rational external pedestrian standard , which requires that the explanation of the insurer should be enough to make the general insurance layperson understand . The clear explanation should adopt rational external pedestrian standard as the main , and the specific policy holder ' s standard is supplementary . This not only helps to improve the operability of the obligation , but also does not neglect the passive explanation of the clause , and makes both the balance and the emphasis , so that the interests of the policyholder can be protected to the maximum extent .

Therefore , for the deficiency of the new insurance law , it should be further perfected from the aspects of maintaining the balance of interests and increasing the operability , so that the interests of the policyholder can be protected more comprehensively .
The scope of the exemption clause shall be clearly defined , and the manner and extent of implementation and degree of " Description " and " clear description " shall be distinguished to enhance the operability of the insurer to perform the obligation .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D922.284

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 楊永杰;保險(xiǎn)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益法律保護(hù)研究[D];中南大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：1937424