本文選題：近因 + 近因原則��； 參考：《吉林大學》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：保險法近因原則研究 近因原則產生于英國的18、19世紀。幾個世紀以來,近因原則一直作為國際保險理賠業(yè)務中公認的基本原則之一,主要用于判定承保風險與承保損失之間的因果關系。長期的實踐中積累了大量的保險理賠經驗和判例,并在各國的保險立法上均以法律形式明確規(guī)定。近因原則的含義是,保險人對因為承保風險為近因所造成的損失承擔賠付責任,非因承保風險為近因所造成的損失不承擔賠付責任。近因原則經過幾個世紀的發(fā)展與研究逐漸形成了自己的判定標準、理論基礎和適用規(guī)則,尤其在保險理賠的訴訟中判定因果關系、確定保險責任和范圍發(fā)揮了極為重要的作用。當今世界絕大數(shù)國家的立法與實踐中基本上都采納、適用了近因原則的理念。然而在我國的保險立法中,無論是《保險法》,還是《海商法》,都沒有明確規(guī)定近因原則,實踐中近因原則也只能作為一種慣例,參考適用,并沒有明確的法律地位。因此,近因原則在我國保險法學理論與實踐中是值得深入研究和探討的問題。 第一章,首先,以條件和原因作為鋪墊,論述了哲學和法學中原因的不同含義,并明確了法律上的原因才是近因。隨后,分別從含義、特征和具有代表性的案例中逐漸明確了近因的內涵。通過近因和相似概念之比較,進一步界定了近因的內涵和外延。其次,以近因的判斷標準“時空標準”、“效力標準”、“鏈條規(guī)則”“常識標準”為線索,介紹了近因判斷標準的演變過程。在近因判斷標準的基礎上,逐漸形成了一套認定近因的原則,以便在實踐中更好的確定近因。再次,在近因的基礎上,根據(jù)近因的標準去判定數(shù)個原因中,哪個原因是近因,在事故引起標的的滅失或損壞時,為了分清與事故有關各方的責任,明確因果關系找出近因,近因原則孕育而生。經過幾個世紀的發(fā)展逐漸形成了“合理諉因原則”、“原因力理論”、“比例因果關系理論”和“分攤原則”等新的理論和研究方法,為我們呈現(xiàn)出了近因原則的產生及歷史發(fā)展的清晰脈絡。最后,簡述了近因原則在保險理論與實踐中的重要功能以及對于保險功能的實現(xiàn)和保險業(yè)的發(fā)展所具有的價值意義。 第二章,闡述了近因原則的理論基礎。以因果關系理論作為近因原則理論基礎的背景出發(fā),分別界定了哲學范疇中的因果關系理論、刑法領域中的因果關系理論和民法領域中的因果關系理論,并與之比較,明確了差異,進一步縮小和確定了近因原則的理論基礎,即民法中的因果關系理論。近因原則根植于民法因果關系理論,是民法因果關系理論在保險領域的具體運用,研究近因原則必然繞不開對民法因果關系理論的梳理和分析,筆者以民法中的因果關系理論為基礎,分別以大陸法系和英美法系中因果關系理論為兩條主線出發(fā),分別介紹了各自法系中的代表性觀點和理論學說,如條件說、相當因果關系說、實質要素規(guī)則、直接結果理論、可預見性理論等,對其加以評析,并分析了兩大法系中因果關系理論的趨同性和差異性。在研究近因原則的時候,一般將近因原則看作因果關系理論的范疇,二者是特殊與一般的關系,當然兩者必定會有聯(lián)系和區(qū)別,通過近因原則和因果關系理論的比較,可以使我們更好的了解和把握近因原則的特點,即側重于保險責任是否成立的問題,不考慮過錯、違法性等因素,在原因范圍與賠償范圍上有其特定性等。 第三章,分析了近因原則適用的司法規(guī)則。保險實踐中的情況大多是復雜的,造成損失的原因也是多種多樣的,可能是單一原因致?lián)p,也可能是多種原因致?lián)p,可能是承保風險范圍,也可能是除外風險或是保單未提及風險,如何在具體情況下準確尋找近因是重中之重的問題。筆者主要從單一原因致?lián)p、多因連續(xù)發(fā)生、多因間斷發(fā)生、多因同時發(fā)生這四種情況分析,分別闡述了不同情形下近因原則的具體適用規(guī)則,使抽象的原則具體化,并在闡述過程中結合大量的經典判例,力求對規(guī)則的分析準確、清晰。然而具體適用規(guī)則只是近因原則適用的一般方法,在具體案件的應用中,筆者分析了近因原則的適用還可能受到諸如法官的自由裁量權、保險合同的條款、保險責任期間等的限制,從而影響到保險責任的認定和范圍。 第四章,分析了近因原則的舉證責任問題。當保險人與被保險人對近因的認定產生分歧時,雙方就會訴諸法院,如何準確適用近因原則涉及舉證責任的分配問題。當然,之所以保險訴訟中舉證責任有如此重要的位置是與它的特殊性及其成因分不開的。筆者結合我國保險訴訟中舉證責任的法律規(guī)定,在遵循“誰主張,誰舉證”的一般原則基礎上,逐步分析了舉證責任的具體分配規(guī)則。尤其涉及到除外責任、承保風險、保險責任范圍和證據(jù)平衡等問題時,如何來分配近因的舉證責任就更顯重要。 第五章,論述了近因原則的現(xiàn)狀,并提出了若干具體的建議。分析了適用傳統(tǒng)近因原則的缺陷,因為側重于保護保險人的利益,而對保險范圍的限定過于嚴格,近因原則也成為保險人逃避責任的一種手段,損害了被保險人的合法權益,導致利益失衡,所以傳統(tǒng)近因原則的理論亟待提升。在介紹了我國當前保險法近因原則的現(xiàn)狀及缺失的背景基礎上,筆者闡明了我國保險立法中確立近因原則的必要性,并應重視近因原則的司法適用,對如何適用近因原則,以促進我國保險業(yè)的健康發(fā)展提出了自己的思考建議。
[Abstract]:Study on the principle of the proximate cause of insurance law
The principle of proximate cause came into being in the 18,19 century in Britain. For centuries, the principle of proximate cause has been one of the basic principles recognized in the international insurance claims business. It is mainly used to determine the causal relationship between underwriting risk and underwriting loss. In the long term, a large amount of insurance claims experience and precedents have been accumulated and insurance legislation in various countries. The meaning of the principle of proximate cause is that the insurer is responsible for the loss caused by the risk of underwriting as a proximate cause, and is not responsible for the loss caused by the risk of underwriting. The principle of proximate cause has gradually formed its own criteria and theoretical basis after several centuries of development and research. It is very important to determine the causal relationship and determine the liability and scope of insurance, especially in the litigation of insurance claims. It is basically adopted in the legislation and practice of the vast number of countries in the world today and applies the concept of the principle of proximate cause. However, in the insurance legislation of our country, whether it is the insurance law or the maritime law, There is no clear regulation of the principle of proximate cause. The principle of proximate cause in practice can only be used as a practice, reference is applicable, and there is no clear legal status. Therefore, the principle of proximate cause is a problem worthy of in-depth study and discussion in the theory and practice of China's Insurance law.
The first chapter, first, takes conditions and reasons as paving, discusses the different meanings of reasons in philosophy and law, and makes clear the reasons for the legal reason. Then, the connotation of the near cause is gradually clarified from the meanings, characteristics and representative cases, and the inner cause is further defined through the comparison of the near cause and the similar concept. Secondly, based on the judgment standard of the near cause, the standard of time and space, the standard of effectiveness, the chain rule and the common sense standard, the evolution process of the standard of proximate cause is introduced. On the basis of the standard of proximate cause, a set of original rules for determining the proximate cause is gradually formed so that the near cause can be better determined in practice. Again, On the basis of the near cause, according to the standard of the near cause, which is the proximate cause, which is the proximate cause; in the case of the loss or damage caused by the accident, in order to distinguish the responsibility of the parties concerned, the cause and effect relationship is found out, the principle of proximate cause is conceived. The theory of cause force, the theory of proportional causality and the principle of apportionment have shown a clear vein of the generation of the principle of proximate cause and the development of history. Finally, the important functions of the principle of close cause in the theory and practice of insurance are briefly described, and the realization of the insurance function and the development of the insurance industry are also described. The value of it.
In the second chapter, the theoretical basis of the principle of proximate cause is expounded. Based on the theory of causality as the basis of the principle of proximate cause, it defines the theory of causality in the philosophical category, the theory of causality in the field of criminal law and the theory of causality in the field of civil law, and compares it with the theory of causality in the field of civil law. The theoretical basis of the principle of proximate cause is the theory of causality in civil law. The principle of proximate cause is rooted in the theory of civil law and effect. It is the concrete application of the theory of causation in civil law in the field of insurance. The study of the principle of proximate cause is inevitable to comb and analyze the theory of causality in civil law. On the basis of two main lines in the continental law system and the causality theory of the Anglo American law system, the representative views and theories in the respective legal systems are introduced, such as conditions, the theory of substantial cause and effect, the principle of essential elements, the theory of direct result, the theory of predictability, etc., and the analysis of the cause and effect relationship in the two legal systems. In the study of the principle of proximate cause, the principle of proximate cause is generally regarded as the category of the theory of causality. The two is a special and general relationship. Of course, there must be a connection and distinction between them. By comparison of the principle of proximate cause and the theory of causality, we can better understand and grasp the characteristics of the principle of proximate cause. That is to say, whether the insurance liability is established or not, and the factors such as fault, illegality and so on, have their specific reasons in the scope of the cause of compensation and the scope of compensation.
The third chapter analyzes the judicial rules applicable to the principle of proximate cause. Most of the cases in the insurance practice are complex, and the cause of the loss is also varied. It may be a single cause and may be a damage to a variety of reasons. It may be the scope of the insurance risk, or the external risk or the policy without reference to the risk. It is a serious problem to find the exact proximate cause of the near cause. The author mainly from the single cause, the multi cause continuous occurrence, the multi cause discontinuous occurrence, the multiple causes and the simultaneous occurrence of these four cases, respectively expounds the specific application rules of the principle of near cause under different circumstances, so that the abstract principle is physical, and a large number of classical cases are combined in the process of elaboration. In the application of specific cases, the author analyses that the application of the principle of proximate cause may be limited by the discretion of the judge, the terms of the insurance contract and the term of the term of the insurance liability, thus affecting the recognition of the insurance liability. Set and range.
The fourth chapter analyzes the problem of the burden of proof in the near cause principle. When the insurer and the insured have disagreement on the identification of the proximate cause, the two parties will resort to the court, and how to apply the principle of close cause to the distribution of the burden of proof. Of course, the reason why the burden of proof in the insurance litigation is so important is its particularity and its particularity. In accordance with the legal provisions of the burden of proof in our insurance litigation, the author gradually analyzes the specific distribution rules of the burden of proof on the basis of the general principle of "who advocates, who raises evidence". In particular, how to distribute the proximate cause when the exception, the insurance risk, the insurance liability and the balance of evidence are involved. The burden of proof is more important.
The fifth chapter expounds the current situation of the principle of proximate cause and puts forward some specific suggestions. It analyzes the defects of the application of the traditional proximate cause principle, because it focuses on protecting the interests of the insurer and is too strict on the scope of the insurance. The principle of proximate cause has also become a means of escaping the liability of the insurer, resulting in damage to the legitimate rights and interests of the insured. The theory of the traditional proximate cause principle needs to be promoted urgently. On the basis of introducing the current situation of the current insurance law and the lack of background, the author clarifies the necessity of establishing the principle of proximate cause in our country's insurance legislation, and should attach importance to the judicial application of the principle of proximate cause, and how to apply the principle of proximate cause so as to promote the insurance of our country. The healthy development of the industry has put forward its own thoughts and suggestions.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D922.284

【引證文獻】

相關期刊論文 前2條

1 劉延慧;張慈樂;;完善我國保險近因原則運作機制的建議[J];經濟視角(上);2013年03期

2 馬婧瑤;;中英近因原則的對比[J];商;2012年08期

相關碩士學位論文 前5條

1 陳婧;保險責任中近因原則適用研究[D];內蒙古大學;2012年

2 崔姣;保險法近因原則適用之實證分析[D];西南財經大學;2012年

3 張樹光;保險法近因原則相關問題研究[D];華東政法大學;2012年

4 王曉虹;保險法近因原則司法實踐研究[D];中國海洋大學;2013年

5 申耀楠;我國保險法上因果關系認定問題研究[D];吉林大學;2014年

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本文編號：1786060