本文選題：國際海運(yùn)　切入點(diǎn)：承運(yùn)人的責(zé)任　出處：《大連海事大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 由于國際海上貨物運(yùn)輸具有其特殊性及風(fēng)險性,在國際海運(yùn)業(yè)的發(fā)展過程中,各種國際海運(yùn)公約和慣例都賦予了作為國際海運(yùn)合同方的承運(yùn)人責(zé)任承擔(dān)制度的特殊性,其最突出的體現(xiàn)就在于各種各樣的承運(yùn)人的免責(zé)條款。免責(zé)條款是運(yùn)輸合同當(dāng)事人雙方風(fēng)險一種劃分的工具。通常,海上貨物運(yùn)輸中免責(zé)條款的受益方是承運(yùn)人。免責(zé)條款可以減輕承運(yùn)人由于海上風(fēng)險所帶來的壓力,有利于航運(yùn)業(yè)風(fēng)險的減小。同時為了保護(hù)貨方的利益,平衡雙方的風(fēng)險分配,對這些免責(zé)條款的解釋和適用也作了嚴(yán)格的限制。本文既比較國際公約(包括《運(yùn)輸合同公約草案》)及我國《海商法》對海上貨物運(yùn)輸中承運(yùn)人的免責(zé)條款進(jìn)行研究、分析,并結(jié)合案例對海}貨物運(yùn)輸免責(zé)條款的解釋、適用、限制等實踐中出現(xiàn)的問題進(jìn)行總結(jié)和探討。 第1章結(jié)合三大國際公約、《運(yùn)輸合同公約草案》及我國《海商法》,對國際海上運(yùn)輸中承運(yùn)人的若干免責(zé)條款予以歸類為:因過失免責(zé)而免責(zé)(包括航行或管理船舶過失免責(zé),火災(zāi)免責(zé));因天災(zāi)而免責(zé);因托運(yùn)人責(zé)任而免責(zé);因貨物本身性質(zhì)而免責(zé);其他免責(zé)條款。并就如何援引適用等實踐中出現(xiàn)的問題分別從不同歸責(zé)原則、舉證責(zé)任、法律責(zé)任等方面對其進(jìn)行分析。 第2章為國際海運(yùn)承運(yùn)人免責(zé)條款的解釋問題。本章闡述免責(zé)條款解釋的必要性,免責(zé)條款解釋的主要原則。結(jié)合英國判例分別對作為解釋原則的相反解釋原則、疏忽條款的解釋原則、根本違約解釋原則進(jìn)行分析。免責(zé)條款依照這些解釋原則進(jìn)行解釋才能更有司法實踐意義,有助于實現(xiàn)公平、正義和效率。 第3章論述了海運(yùn)承運(yùn)人援引免責(zé)條款的限制,各國際公約和我國《海商法》都做出了一些“禁止免責(zé)約款之規(guī)定”。承運(yùn)人只有在履行“禁止免責(zé)約款之規(guī)定”的最低強(qiáng)制責(zé)任的前提下,才能成功地援引免責(zé)條款。因此,本章對適航義務(wù)、適貨義務(wù)、不得不合理繞航這幾種禁止承運(yùn)人援引免責(zé)條款的限制著重進(jìn)行了論述。這有助于承運(yùn)人了解這些事件,以便在實踐中采取一切措施防止這些事件的發(fā)生,使承運(yùn)人成功地援引免責(zé)條款,從而也可以避免免責(zé)條款權(quán)利之濫用。 國際海上貨物運(yùn)輸中的免責(zé)條款對合同當(dāng)事雙方都有極其重要的意義,尤其是承運(yùn)人更是應(yīng)對這方面進(jìn)行深入了解。我國致力于成為國際海運(yùn)大國,各承運(yùn)人在國際海運(yùn)舞臺上,必須充分利用法律武器,合理有效地保護(hù)自己的免責(zé)權(quán)利。這樣將大大有助于降低海運(yùn)風(fēng)險成本,提高企業(yè)的競爭力,從而有利于我國航運(yùn)事業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Due to the particularity and risk of international carriage of goods by sea, in the development of international maritime transport industry, various international maritime transport conventions and practices have given the particularity of the carrier's liability system as the parties to the international maritime transport contract.Its most outstanding embodiment lies in the various carrier's exemption clauses.Exemption clause is a kind of tool to divide the risk of both parties in the contract of carriage.Usually, the carrier is the beneficiary of the exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea.The exemption clause can reduce the pressure of the carrier because of the risk at sea, and is beneficial to the reduction of the risk of the shipping industry.In order to protect the interests of the parties and balance the risk distribution between the two parties, the interpretation and application of these exemption clauses are strictly restricted.This article not only compares the international convention (including the draft Convention on contracts of carriage) with the maritime law of China to study the carrier's exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea, and analyzes the interpretation of the exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea, combining with a case study, which is applicable to the interpretation of the exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea.The problems in practice such as restriction are summarized and discussed.Chapter 1 combines the three major international conventions, the draft Convention on contracts of carriage and the Maritime Law of China, classifies several exemption clauses of the carrier in international maritime transport as follows: exemption from liability for fault (including liability for navigation or for the management of a ship).Fire exemption; exemption for natural disasters; exemption for shipper's liability; exemption for the nature of the goods; other exemptions.The problems in practice such as how to invoke and apply are analyzed from different principles of imputation, burden of proof, legal liability and so on.Chapter 2 is the interpretation of the exemption clause of international sea carrier.This chapter describes the necessity of interpretation of exemption clauses, the main principles of interpretation of exemption clauses.Combined with the British jurisprudence, this paper analyzes the opposite interpretation principle, the negligence clause interpretation principle and the fundamental breach of contract interpretation principle.Only when the exemption clause is interpreted according to these interpretation principles, can it have more practical significance in judicial practice and help to realize fairness, justice and efficiency.Chapter 3 discusses the limitation of the exemption clause invoked by sea carrier. The international conventions and China's Maritime Law have made some provisions on the prohibition of exemption clause.The carrier can successfully invoke the exemption clause only if he performs the minimum compulsory liability under the prohibition clause.Therefore, this chapter focuses on the limitation of airworthiness obligation, cargo obligation, reasonable deviation, which forbids the carrier to invoke exemption clauses.This helps the carrier to understand these events in order to take all measures in practice to prevent the occurrence of these incidents, so that the carrier can successfully invoke the exemption clause, and thus avoid abuse of the right of exemption clause.The exemption clause in the international carriage of goods by sea is of great significance to both parties to the contract, especially the carrier.China is committed to becoming an international maritime power. In the stage of international shipping, carriers must make full use of legal weapons and protect their exemption rights reasonably and effectively.This will greatly help to reduce the cost of shipping risks, improve the competitiveness of enterprises, thus conducive to the vigorous development of China's shipping industry.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：大連海事大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：D996.19

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 陳敬根;國際海運(yùn)承運(yùn)人在多因致?lián)p下的賠償責(zé)任研究[D];大連海事大學(xué);2010年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 李佳;廢除共同海損制度以后的法律構(gòu)建[D];大連海事大學(xué);2011年

2 楊雨露;國際海運(yùn)承運(yùn)人過失免責(zé)制度的探究[D];天津財經(jīng)大學(xué);2011年

3 吳松海;論提單中承運(yùn)人的免責(zé)條款[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2010年

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本文編號：1689213