本文選題：設(shè)立瑕疵　切入點(diǎn)：設(shè)立無效　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：公司設(shè)立瑕疵是指依法經(jīng)登記機(jī)關(guān)登記并獲得了營業(yè)執(zhí)照的公司,實(shí)際上卻存在著某些事實(shí),這些事實(shí)不符合本國法律規(guī)定的公司設(shè)立的實(shí)體性條件或程序性條件,而導(dǎo)致該公司的存續(xù)處于一種不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的法律現(xiàn)象。 公司設(shè)立瑕疵與公司設(shè)立無效是兩個(gè)既有區(qū)別又有聯(lián)系的概念。設(shè)立存在瑕疵的公司,經(jīng)法定程序處理后,可能產(chǎn)生公司設(shè)立無效的法律后果。 公司設(shè)立瑕疵,依據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),有以下三種分類方式。主觀瑕疵與客觀瑕疵,主觀瑕疵是客觀瑕疵的內(nèi)在原因；客觀瑕疵是主觀瑕疵的外部表現(xiàn)。實(shí)體瑕疵與程序瑕疵,實(shí)體瑕疵包括股東人數(shù)瑕疵、出資瑕疵、公司章程瑕疵；程序瑕疵包括審批程序瑕疵、管理程序瑕疵。可補(bǔ)正瑕疵與絕對(duì)無效瑕疵,可補(bǔ)正瑕疵包括公司章程非必要的記載事項(xiàng)的缺乏、可補(bǔ)正的出資方面的瑕疵、股東不符合法定條件的瑕疵；絕對(duì)無效瑕疵包括設(shè)立目的瑕疵、注冊(cè)資本瑕疵、發(fā)起人瑕疵、程序上的瑕疵。 研究公司設(shè)立瑕疵問題,并建立與之相適應(yīng)的訴訟制度,具有以下幾個(gè)方面的意義：有利于保護(hù)利害關(guān)系人的權(quán)益；有利于提升公司的運(yùn)作效率；有利于穩(wěn)定社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。 在英美法系國家,公司設(shè)立瑕疵遵循“承認(rèn)主義”理論,該理論認(rèn)為,設(shè)立證書具有絕對(duì)的公信力。在大陸法系國家,采用公司設(shè)立瑕疵無效制度,規(guī)定公司設(shè)立無效之訴,只要公司存在法定的瑕疵,一切具備法人資格的公司均可以被宣告無效。有的國家,如日本,采用雙重模式,即在公司法或者商法中,同時(shí)規(guī)定設(shè)立無效和設(shè)立撤銷制度。我國公司法所采用的行政撤銷手段,不同于日本的設(shè)立撤銷制度。 我國公司法規(guī)定的公司設(shè)立瑕疵的法律責(zé)任如下：提交虛假材料的行政責(zé)任,公司的發(fā)起人、股東虛假出資或抽逃出資的行政責(zé)任,公司登記機(jī)關(guān)濫用權(quán)力的行政責(zé)任,中介機(jī)構(gòu)的行政責(zé)任以及驗(yàn)資機(jī)構(gòu)的侵權(quán)責(zé)任。 我國公司法以行政手段處理公司設(shè)立瑕疵問題的做法,存在以下弊端。首先,公司登記機(jī)關(guān),只負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)公司的登記材料進(jìn)行形式審查,不易再要求其進(jìn)行實(shí)質(zhì)審查。其次,為維護(hù)行政機(jī)關(guān)的公信力,公司設(shè)立登記的審查機(jī)關(guān),不宜再成為撤銷公司設(shè)立登記的決策機(jī)關(guān)。再次,運(yùn)用行政手段解決公司設(shè)立瑕疵問題,不利于保護(hù)利害關(guān)系人的利益。最后,司法實(shí)踐當(dāng)中,各種規(guī)定紛繁冗雜,為法律的適用帶來很大困惑。 筆者認(rèn)為,我國應(yīng)該引進(jìn)公司設(shè)立無效之訴。我國的公司法立法,雖然試圖從各種角度,零散地保護(hù)利害關(guān)系人受損的利益。但是,如不整體規(guī)定公司設(shè)立瑕疵問題的處理方法,依舊無法從根本上起到作用。公司設(shè)立無效之訴這種救濟(jì)途徑,主要存在于大陸法系國家。我國貼近大陸法系國家的立法體制,具備引進(jìn)公司設(shè)立無效之訴的條件。我國以成文法為主,法律對(duì)公司設(shè)立的條件和程序有比較嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定,這種立法模式,為公司設(shè)立瑕疵的訴訟解決方式提供了良好的依據(jù)。 具體地規(guī)定公司設(shè)立無效之訴。其一,對(duì)于原告的范圍,規(guī)定得不宜過于寬泛,應(yīng)當(dāng)將利害關(guān)系人的范圍限定在公司內(nèi)部,僅公司的股東、董事、監(jiān)事以及高級(jí)管理人員有權(quán)提起。其二,立法限定公司設(shè)立無效之訴的提起事由,即在公司法中具體規(guī)定公司設(shè)立瑕疵的種類,并區(qū)分可補(bǔ)正瑕疵和絕對(duì)無效瑕疵的涵蓋范圍。其三,規(guī)定訴訟時(shí)效,從剛剛施行的《中華人民共和國公司法》若干問題規(guī)定(三)中,可以看出,我國公司法立法有這樣的傾向,即不限定公司設(shè)立瑕疵的訴訟時(shí)效。筆者認(rèn)為,我國公司法立法應(yīng)當(dāng)規(guī)定訴訟時(shí)效,有利于督促當(dāng)事人及時(shí)行使自己的權(quán)利。其四,明確法律后果,公司設(shè)立無效之訴的判決不具有溯及力,僅對(duì)將來發(fā)生效力。同時(shí),建議立法規(guī)定,如果原告在告訴之時(shí),存在惡意或者過錯(cuò),應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。
[Abstract]:The establishment of a company refers to a company registered with the registration authority and obtained a business license in accordance with the law . In fact , there are certain facts which do not conform to the substantive conditions or procedural conditions established by the company under the domestic law , which leads to the existence of a legal phenomenon in which the company is in an unstable state .


The establishment of the Company and the establishment of an invalid company is the concept of two existing differences and linkages . The establishment of a defective company may result in the establishment of an invalid legal consequence by the company after the legal process is processed .


The company set up the flaw , according to different standards , there are three kinds of classification methods : subjective flaw and objective flaw , subjective flaw is the internal cause of objective flaw ;
The objective flaw lies in the external performance of the subjective flaw , the flaws of the entity and the flaw of the procedure , including the number of shareholders , the flaw of the capital contribution and the defects of the articles of association ;
The defects of the procedures , including the defects of the examination and approval procedures , the defects of the management procedure , the defects of the defects of the defects and the absolute invalidity , may be supplemented with the defects of the non - essential recording items in the articles of association of the Company and the defects in the capital contribution , and the shareholders do not meet the defects of the legal conditions ;
The absolute null and void defects include the establishment of a flaw in the purpose , a flaw in the registered capital , a flaw in the promoter , and a flaw in the procedure .


The research company has set up the flaw and set up the suit system , which has the following meanings : it is beneficial to protect the rights and interests of interested parties ;
thereby being beneficial to improving the operation efficiency of the company ;
It is conducive to the stabilization of the social and economic order .


In Anglo - American law countries , the establishment of a flaw follows the theory of " recognition doctrine " . The theory holds that the establishment of a certificate has absolute credibility . In the countries of the continental law system , the establishment of an invalid system for the establishment of a company may be declared null and void . In some countries , such as Japan , all companies with legal personality can be declared null and void . Some countries , such as Japan , adopt dual mode , namely , in the Company Law or the Commercial Law , and stipulate the establishment of an invalid and set revocation system . The administrative revocation means adopted by the Company Law of our country is different from that of Japan .


The legal liability of the company established by the Company Law of our country is as follows : the administrative responsibility to submit the false material , the administrative responsibility of the sponsor of the company , the false capital contribution of the shareholder or the capital contribution , the administrative responsibility of the company registration authority to abuse power , the administrative responsibility of the intermediary institution and the tort liability of the capital verification institution .


First of all , the company registration authority is responsible for the formal examination of the company ' s registration material , which is not easy to require substantive examination . Secondly , to safeguard the credibility of the administrative organ , the company establishes a registration authority , it is not suitable to be a decision - making organ for the company to establish the registration . In the end , the application of administrative means to solve the problem of the company ' s establishment is not conducive to the protection of the interests of the interested parties . Finally , in the practice of judicial practice , various regulations are complicated and complicated , which brings great confusion to the application of the law .


The author thinks that our country should introduce the company to set up an invalid suit . In our country company law legislation , while trying to protect the interests of the interested party from various angles , it is still impossible to fundamentally play the role of the company ' s establishment of void problem .


The author thinks that the legislation of the Company Law of our country should stipulate the limitation of action , which is beneficial to urge the parties to exercise their rights in a timely manner .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D922.291.91

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