【摘要】：法人享有名譽權(quán)這一問題在我國立法以及司法實踐中均得到認(rèn)可,法人這種創(chuàng)制的組織體享有自然人基于其倫理性所享有的人格利益,而對于這種人格利益享有的法律邏輯為何這一問題學(xué)界存在不同的看法�！睹穹ㄍ▌t》第101條將法人名譽權(quán)與自然人名譽權(quán)在同一條款進行規(guī)定,明確法人名譽權(quán)侵權(quán)參照自然人名譽權(quán)侵權(quán)規(guī)則適用,然而法人名譽權(quán)區(qū)別于自然人名譽權(quán),簡單類比適用存在問題,且導(dǎo)致名譽權(quán)適用范圍擴大到包含機關(guān)法人在內(nèi)所有法人,出現(xiàn)名譽權(quán)濫用,在一定程度上與公民言論自由、輿論監(jiān)督等價值產(chǎn)生沖突�！睹穹ǹ倓t》第110條有意將法人名譽權(quán)與自然人名譽權(quán)分置兩款,提高法人名譽權(quán)的保護地位。運用法解釋學(xué)方法,以法人擬制說及法律工具論為理論前提得出法人享有名譽權(quán)的法律邏輯,主張法人的名譽實質(zhì)是一種形式層面的歸屬。法人名譽權(quán)與自然人名譽權(quán)是一種派生關(guān)系。人格權(quán)制度在體系結(jié)構(gòu)上以自然人享有的人格利益為原型塑造,目的在于保護自然人生理、心理的以團體等特定形式存在的人格利益,在屬于自然人的一些法益中,以某種團體形式存在的人格利益可以通過賦予法人相應(yīng)權(quán)利進行保護。而對于生命、健康、身體等法益本身不能以團體形態(tài)存在的也就沒有法律保護之必要。法人作為一種創(chuàng)制的組織體不具有倫理性,但從法律的工具價值出發(fā),可運用法律技術(shù)認(rèn)可法人享有名譽權(quán)等權(quán)利。只要制度設(shè)計符合法律規(guī)范所要實現(xiàn)的目的即可。法人擬制說在處理團體整體及成員個人關(guān)系上更具靈活性,更能發(fā)揮法人制度的工具價值。法人名譽權(quán)是私益和公益的結(jié)合體。從私益角度分析,賦予法人名譽權(quán),一方面有助于實現(xiàn)法人設(shè)立的最初目的,保障法人的經(jīng)營自由和獨立發(fā)展,另一方面,擬制的法人作為自然人能力的延伸可以幫助自然人更好地實現(xiàn)個人的生存和發(fā)展,最終實現(xiàn)人類的根本價值。從公益的角度分析,法人承擔(dān)著重要的社會職能。對于營利性法人而言,賦予其名譽權(quán),可以保證其在激烈的市場競爭中免受同業(yè)競爭者的惡意誹謗,實現(xiàn)獨立自主經(jīng)營,為社會創(chuàng)造更多財富。對于非營利性法人而言,其通常承擔(dān)更多社會服務(wù)職能,賦予其名譽權(quán)有助于維護與其有利害關(guān)系的不特定多數(shù)人的利益。對名譽權(quán)的保護勢必會與輿論監(jiān)督、言論自由等價值發(fā)生沖突�！睹穹ǹ倓t》第三章以是否營利為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用結(jié)構(gòu)主義分類方式將法人分為營利性法人和非營利性法人,將機關(guān)法人列為特別法人。對于營利性法人和非營利性法人而言,基于公益和私益結(jié)合的利益基礎(chǔ),應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)可其名譽權(quán)。而對于特別法人而言,為了保證公民對行政行為的監(jiān)督,應(yīng)當(dāng)否認(rèn)其享有名譽權(quán)。新出臺的《民法總則》將法人名譽權(quán)與自然人名譽權(quán)在同一法條中分款規(guī)定,對法人名譽權(quán)予以宣示性規(guī)定,體現(xiàn)了民法典對法人地位的重視,也透露出立法有意將自然人名譽權(quán)與法人名譽權(quán)分開立法的思路�！肚謾�(quán)責(zé)任法》對于法人名譽權(quán)和自然人名譽權(quán)侵權(quán)規(guī)則并沒有加以區(qū)分,使得司法實踐在法人名譽權(quán)侵權(quán)的構(gòu)成要件的認(rèn)定、責(zé)任承擔(dān)方式的選擇方面存在不統(tǒng)一的情況。民法典中的民法分則侵權(quán)責(zé)任編應(yīng)通過特別條款對法人名譽權(quán)侵權(quán)的構(gòu)成要件、責(zé)任方式予以詳細(xì)規(guī)定,從而實現(xiàn)對法人名譽的周延保護。
[Abstract]:The issue of the legal person's right to reputation is recognized in our country's legislation and in the judicial practice. The legal logic of this kind of personality benefit has different views on this issue. In that general rule of civil law, the right of the legal person and the right of the natural person are specified in the same article, and the infringement of the right of the legal person to the right of the right of the right of the natural person is applicable, however, the right of reputation of the legal person is distinguished from the right of the natural person, and the simple analogy is applicable to the question. And the application scope of the reputation right is expanded to all legal persons, including the legal person of the organ, and the abuse of the reputation right occurs to a certain extent, such as the freedom of expression of the citizens, the supervision of the public opinion and the like. The general principle of civil law> Article 110 intends to separate the reputation right of the legal person and the right of the natural person into two paragraphs, so as to improve the protection status of the legal person's reputation. Using the method of hermeneutics, the legal logic of the legal person's reputation right is obtained based on the legal instrument theory and the legal instrument theory, and the reputation of the legal person is the home of a form level. The right of reputation of the legal person and the right of the natural person is a derivative. The personality right system is shaped by the personality benefit of the natural person on the system, the purpose is to protect the physical and psychological personality interests of the natural person, and in some legal interests of the natural person, The interests of the personality that exist in the form of a certain group can be protected by the application of the corresponding rights of the legal person. For life, health, body, etc., it is not necessary for legal protection to exist in the form of a group. As a kind of organized body, the legal person does not have the ethics, but from the value of the legal instrument, it can use the legal technology to recognize the right of the legal person to enjoy the right of reputation. As long as the system design is in accordance with the purpose of the legal specification. The legal person is to say that it is more flexible in dealing with the whole body and the member's personal relationship, and can play a better role in the tool value of the legal person system. The right of reputation of a legal person is a combination of private and public interests. On the other hand, the extension of the legal person as the natural person's ability can help the natural person to better realize the survival and development of the individual. And finally the fundamental value of the human is realized. From the point of view of the public good, the legal person assumes the important social function. In the case of a legal person, the right to reputation can be guaranteed to protect against the malicious libel of the competitors in the fierce market competition, to realize the independent operation and to create more wealth for the society. For non-profit legal persons, they usually assume more social service functions, giving their right of reputation to the maintenance of the interests of a non-specific majority with a stake in it. The protection of the right of reputation is bound to conflict with the value of public opinion, freedom of expression and so on. The General Principles of Civil Law> Chapter 3 classifies the legal person into a legal person and a non-profit legal person by adopting the structuralism classification method as the standard, and the corporate legal person is listed as a special legal person. For legal and non-profit legal persons, the right of reputation should be recognized on the basis of the benefit of the combination of public welfare and private benefit. In the case of the special legal person, in order to guarantee the citizen's supervision over the administrative act, it should be denied the right of reputation. The new general principles of civil law, in which the right of reputation of a legal person and the right of reputation of a natural person, in the same law, provides for the definition of the right of reputation of a legal person, which reflects the importance attached to the legal personality of the civil code. It also reveals the idea that the legislation intends to separate the right of the natural person and the legal person's reputation right. The law of tort liability is not divided between the legal person's reputation right and the natural person's reputation right infringement rule, so that the judicial practice is not unified in the determination of the constituent elements of the legal person's reputation right infringement and the choice of the responsibility assume mode. In the civil code, the civil law is divided into the constituent elements of the infringement of the right of reputation of the legal person through the special provisions, and the method of responsibility shall be specified in detail so as to realize the protection of the reputation of the legal person.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D923

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