【摘要】：承諾函,也包含安慰函,指的是政府為其下屬機(jī)構(gòu)或者母公司為其子公司融資,因此向貸款人所出具的,載明并表示支持且愿意為該下屬機(jī)構(gòu)或該子公司的清償債務(wù)提供適當(dāng)?shù)膸椭臅嫖募�。承諾函根據(jù)其內(nèi)容及實(shí)踐表現(xiàn)可分為知悉函,支持函,允諾函,代償函。關(guān)于承諾函的識(shí)別目前主要有四種觀點(diǎn):承諾函只產(chǎn)生道義上的義務(wù),不構(gòu)成法律上的擔(dān)保;承諾函產(chǎn)生人的擔(dān)保法律效力,承諾函若因笨拙措辭同意取代子公司清償債務(wù),那實(shí)際上就是擔(dān)保;承諾函是一種債務(wù)承擔(dān),債權(quán)人可以直接起訴承諾人要求還款;承諾函只產(chǎn)生固有的作為義務(wù),即政策支持及允諾。在大多數(shù)的實(shí)例當(dāng)中,相比于擔(dān)保合同或者擔(dān)保條款,承諾函的措辭要較為委婉,而且常常是模糊不清,難以認(rèn)定的。在國際司法審判實(shí)踐中,主要有英美法系的“文字解釋法”,及大陸法系的“目的解釋法”兩種不同的方式來解釋承諾函的法律效力。法國擔(dān)保法制度首創(chuàng)將承諾函規(guī)定為獨(dú)立擔(dān)保形式。目前,世界上大多數(shù)的國家都并不是以法律的形式來直接地對(duì)承諾函的效力作出明確的規(guī)定,對(duì)于承諾函的效力的認(rèn)定,國際社會(huì)上并沒有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),各國法院往往是基于本國法律、本國利益,對(duì)承諾函的效力做出不同認(rèn)定。實(shí)踐中,各國通常都是根據(jù)承諾函的內(nèi)容,來判斷該承諾函是否構(gòu)成擔(dān)保、單方允諾或存在錯(cuò)誤陳述等情形,而在對(duì)個(gè)案的審理過程中,根據(jù)案件所涉及的不同的事實(shí)來識(shí)別承諾函的性質(zhì),進(jìn)而確定其效力。我國可考慮適用“目的解釋法”與“文字解釋法”相結(jié)合的方式,借鑒法國與德國等國家立法例,將具體的不同承諾函解釋為單方允諾或保證合同,再行判斷其有無法律效力,有何法律效力,出函者應(yīng)該承擔(dān)怎樣的義務(wù),例如僅在道義上負(fù)有督促借款人清償款項(xiàng)的義務(wù),僅負(fù)有在內(nèi)部政策方面的支持義務(wù),承諾保證一定所有者權(quán)益份額的義務(wù),甚至承諾在借款人無法還清貸款時(shí),將代為清償,承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任以保證債權(quán)得到實(shí)現(xiàn)的義務(wù)。由于我國《中華人民共和國擔(dān)保法》第八條:“國家機(jī)關(guān)不得為保證人,但經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)為使用外國政府或者國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織貸款進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)貸的除外。”的規(guī)定,及論文研究方向的限定,本文內(nèi)容以企業(yè)承諾函為限,不討論政府承諾函的性質(zhì)及法律效力。
[Abstract]:A letter of commitment, which also contains a letter of comfort, refers to the financing of a subsidiary by the government for its subsidiary or its parent company, and is therefore issued to the lender, A written document setting out and expressing support and willingness to provide appropriate assistance for the liquidation of obligations of the subsidiary or the subsidiary. According to its content and practice, the letter of commitment can be divided into notification letter, support letter, promise letter and indemnity letter. There are currently four main points of view regarding the identification of the letter of commitment: the letter of commitment creates only moral obligations and does not constitute a legal guarantee; The letter of commitment, which produces the legal effect of the person's security, is in effect a guarantee if it agrees to replace the subsidiary's obligation with clumsy wording; a letter of commitment is a debt undertaking, whereby creditors can directly sue the guarantor for repayment; The letter of commitment generates only the inherent obligations of action, namely policy support and promise. In most cases, the wording of a letter of commitment is more euphemistic than a guarantee contract or guarantee clause, and is often vague and difficult to identify. In the practice of international judicial trial, there are two different ways to explain the legal effect of the letter of commitment: the English and American legal system's "text interpretation Act" and the Continental Law system's "purpose interpretation Law". The French guarantee law system first stipulated the letter of commitment as a form of independent guarantee. At present, most of the countries of the world do not directly define the validity of a commitment letter in the form of a law, and there is no uniform standard in the international community for the determination of the validity of a commitment letter, National courts often make different determinations on the validity of a letter of commitment on the basis of their own laws and national interests. In practice, States usually determine whether the letter of commitment constitutes a guarantee, unilateral promise or misrepresentation, based on the content of the letter of commitment, and in the case of a case, Identify the nature of the letter of commitment on the basis of the different facts involved in the case and determine its validity. China may consider applying the combination of the purpose interpretation Law and the text interpretation Law, drawing lessons from France and Germany and other national legislative examples, to interpret specific letters of commitment as unilateral promises or guarantee contracts, and then to judge whether they have legal effect or not. What are the legal effects and what obligations should the sender undertake, such as the moral obligation only to urge the borrower to pay off the money, the obligation to support the internal policy only, and the obligation to guarantee a certain share of the owner's equity, Even when the borrower cannot pay off the loan, the borrower will pay off the loan and assume joint and several liability to guarantee the realization of the creditor's right. As Article 8 of the Law of the people's Republic of China on guarantee: "State organs shall not be guarantors, except for the use of loans by foreign governments or international economic organizations with the approval of the State Council." This paper is limited to the enterprise commitment letter and does not discuss the nature and legal effect of the government commitment letter.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D923.3

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