【摘要】：特殊體質(zhì)受害人侵權(quán)案件,英美法系也稱“蛋殼腦袋規(guī)則”案件,這一類型案件因受害人存在特殊體質(zhì),導(dǎo)致所產(chǎn)生的損害超出一般損害的范圍,進而體現(xiàn)出其特殊性和復(fù)雜性。比較法上此類案件的賠償原則相對來說比較一致,即侵權(quán)人應(yīng)當(dāng)對受害人的損害承擔(dān)全部賠償責(zé)任,不得以受害人自身存在特殊體質(zhì)作為抗辯事由,進而減輕賠償責(zé)任。而我國在司法實踐中,對待此類侵權(quán)案件的審理思路并不統(tǒng)一,由于對此類案件不存在對應(yīng)的法律規(guī)范,導(dǎo)致司法實踐中沒有明確的法律法規(guī)作為指引,同一類案件不同法院判決上不盡一致,甚至同一法院判決結(jié)果也不相同。特殊體質(zhì)受害人賠償案件中侵權(quán)責(zé)任如何承擔(dān),因受當(dāng)事人的主觀過錯程度大小、原因力強弱、可預(yù)見性規(guī)則等影響,理論界在這類案件責(zé)任承擔(dān)方面存在分歧。鑒于以上事實,對特殊體質(zhì)受害人侵權(quán)案件中,侵權(quán)人對特殊體質(zhì)受害人的損害是否應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任以及在什么責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)承擔(dān)責(zé)任,具有非常重要的研究意義。在我國司法實踐中,關(guān)于在審理特殊體質(zhì)受害人侵權(quán)損害賠償案件的做法,可分為以下幾種觀點:第一種就是受害人的特殊體質(zhì)對于損害的擴大并不屬于侵權(quán)人減輕責(zé)任的法定理由,侵權(quán)人應(yīng)就損害承擔(dān)全部賠償責(zé)任;第二種就是原因力理論的適用,受害人的特殊體質(zhì)對于損害的擴大具有一定的原因力,侵權(quán)人僅在自身行為原因力造成的損害特殊體質(zhì)受害人侵權(quán)案件范圍承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任;第三種就是侵權(quán)人造成特殊體質(zhì)損害的,主觀上沒有過錯或者過失,行為人的行為和損害后果之間的距離過于遙遠,侵權(quán)人不承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。我國司法實踐中此類案件大多數(shù)適用原因力理論進行責(zé)任分攤,即第二種理論,呈現(xiàn)柔性的判決結(jié)果,走的是中庸道路。在理論界主要借鑒國外“蛋殼腦袋規(guī)則”的觀點進行研究和探討,“蛋殼腦袋規(guī)則”能否移植國內(nèi)進行適用,觀點不盡一致,畢竟國情不同,適用環(huán)境就有所不同。特殊體質(zhì)受害人的損害賠償因為特殊體質(zhì)介入使此類案件的因果關(guān)系更加復(fù)雜,加之侵權(quán)案件類型多樣化,侵權(quán)人主觀過錯等因素,一刀切的做法不能公平合理的解決賠償問題�！暗皻つX袋規(guī)則”和“原因力規(guī)則”在適用上都存在一定的局限性,全有或者全無的方式都過于僵化,不能完全的解決特殊體質(zhì)受害人侵權(quán)賠償問題。本文根據(jù)侵權(quán)人的行為與受害人的損害結(jié)合程度,將此類案件劃分為兩類:一是特殊體質(zhì)損害的直接結(jié)合,侵權(quán)人的侵權(quán)行為直接作用于特殊體質(zhì)受害人的特殊部位進而造成的損害;二是特殊體質(zhì)損害的間接結(jié)合,侵權(quán)人的侵權(quán)行為引起特殊體質(zhì)受害人原有疾病的誘發(fā),體現(xiàn)為由第一性的損害導(dǎo)致的伴生性損害。在此分類的基礎(chǔ)上,再綜合考慮侵權(quán)人的主觀過錯形態(tài)、損害預(yù)防的效率和損害可預(yù)見性等相關(guān)因素,進行分析和價值判斷,并對此進行類型化分析確立賠償原則。
[Abstract]:In the case of the tort of the victims of the special constitution, the common law system also called the "Eggshell head rule" case. This type of case is due to the special constitution of the victim, which causes the damage to go beyond the scope of the general damage, and further reflects its particularity and complexity. The principle of compensation for such cases in the comparative law is relatively consistent, that is, the infringer should bear all the liability for the damage to the victim, and the victim's own special body constitution should not be used as the defense cause, and the liability of the compensation should be reduced. However, in the practice of the administration of justice, the idea of the handling of such cases of torts is not uniform, because there is no corresponding legal norm for such cases, which leads to the lack of clear laws and regulations in the judicial practice as the guide, which is not consistent with the judgment of different courts in a class of cases. Even the same court's decision is not the same. In that case of the compensation of the victim of the special constitution, how to bear the tort liability, because of the influence of the subjective fault degree of the party, the reason force, the predictability rule, and so on, the theory circle has a difference in the responsibility of such cases. In view of the above facts, it is very important to study whether the infringer's damage to the victim of the special physical constitution should be held liable and the responsibility within the scope of the responsibility. In the practice of judicial practice in our country, the article can be divided into the following points: the first is that the special constitution of the victim is not the legal reason for the extension of the damage and the liability of the infringer. The second is the application of the theory of the cause force, and the special constitution of the victim has a certain cause for the expansion of the damage. The third is that the distance between the act of the perpetrator and the consequences of the damage is too remote, The infringer shall not be liable for compensation. In our country's judicial practice, most of the case-force theory of this kind of case is the duty-sharing, that is, the second theory, the flexible judgment result is presented, and it is the medium-way road. In the field of theory, the author studies and discusses the viewpoint of foreign "Eggshell head rule", whether the "Eggshell head rule" can be transplanted to the country is not consistent, and the application environment is different after all, after all, the situation is different and the application environment is different. In the case of special physical constitution, the cause and effect of such cases are more complicated, and the type of tort case is diversified, the infringer's subjective fault and other factors, one-size-fits-all approach is not reasonable and reasonable to solve the compensation problem. The "Eggshell head rule" and the "reason force rule" have certain limitations in the application, and the whole or all-round way is too rigid to completely solve the problem of the compensation of the victims of the special physical constitution. In this paper, according to the degree of combination of the behavior of the infringer and the victim's damage, this kind of case is divided into two categories: one is the direct combination of special physical and physical damage, the infringement of the infringer directly acts on the special part of the special physical victim, and the damage is caused; The second is the indirect combination of the special physical and physical damage, and the infringement of the infringer causes the cause of the original disease of the victim of the special physical constitution, which is embodied as the accompanying damage caused by the first damage. On the basis of this classification, the subjective fault form of the infringer, the efficiency of the prevention and the predictability of the damage are comprehensively considered, and the analysis and the value judgment are carried out, and the principle of compensation is established for the typed analysis.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D923

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相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

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2 程艷華;論特殊體質(zhì)受害人人身損害之賠償標準[D];中國政法大學(xué);2015年

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本文編號：2440340