【摘要】：動(dòng)產(chǎn)浮動(dòng)抵押制度作為一種抵押制度,有很多不同于傳統(tǒng)的抵押的新特性,在實(shí)踐中一直存在利用率較低、問題較多的弊端。作者查閱中國裁判文書網(wǎng)的諸多案例,梳理出亟待解決的四個(gè)問題,期望從法律解釋與適用的角度展開討論,解決相關(guān)的問題,提高該制度的使用率。第一個(gè)問題,如果浮動(dòng)抵押沒有登記,在特定情況下,善意第三人可以取得抵押物。關(guān)于"善意第三人"的范圍問題,目前學(xué)界存在文義解釋思路與目的性擴(kuò)張思路之爭(zhēng)。兩種觀點(diǎn)的分歧有二:其一,第三人有沒有根據(jù)主觀狀態(tài)進(jìn)行區(qū)分的必要;其二,"第三人"是否包括一般債權(quán)人。"善意第三人"應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行目的性擴(kuò)張,不僅包括主觀上為善意的第三人,還包括特定情況下主觀不論是善意還是惡意的第三人;未經(jīng)登記的抵押權(quán)可以對(duì)抗一般債權(quán)人,不論一般債權(quán)人的主觀心理狀態(tài)如何。第二個(gè)問題,動(dòng)產(chǎn)浮動(dòng)抵押與其他擔(dān)保物權(quán)的受償次序問題。對(duì)于浮動(dòng)抵押權(quán)之間的競(jìng)存順位,應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)未經(jīng)登記,不得對(duì)抗善意第三人。對(duì)于浮動(dòng)抵押權(quán)與固定抵押權(quán)之間哪個(gè)權(quán)利優(yōu)先的問題,應(yīng)當(dāng)分具體情況進(jìn)行探討。如果固定抵押設(shè)立之后,浮動(dòng)抵押才因?yàn)槟承┦掠晒袒?那么,固定抵押權(quán)應(yīng)當(dāng)優(yōu)先,這種情況下,英國的相關(guān)法條有如下規(guī)定:如果有消極擔(dān)保條款并且該條款已經(jīng)登記,則固定抵押權(quán)不能先于浮動(dòng)抵押權(quán)受償;浮動(dòng)抵押結(jié)晶后,抵押人又在該物上設(shè)定固定抵押的,實(shí)質(zhì)上就變成了性質(zhì)相同的兩種權(quán)利之間的優(yōu)先問題,則按抵押權(quán)順位確定的一般原則處理。對(duì)于浮動(dòng)抵押權(quán)與質(zhì)權(quán)的競(jìng)存順位,如果浮動(dòng)抵押權(quán)設(shè)立在先并經(jīng)登記,應(yīng)當(dāng)優(yōu)先于質(zhì)權(quán),如果沒有登記就沒有優(yōu)先效力;物上先成立質(zhì)權(quán),浮動(dòng)抵押設(shè)立在后,質(zhì)權(quán)優(yōu)先。對(duì)于浮動(dòng)抵押權(quán)與留置權(quán)競(jìng)存時(shí)的順位,留置權(quán)應(yīng)一律優(yōu)先。第三個(gè)問題,浮動(dòng)抵押制度運(yùn)用中詐害債權(quán)行為的治理,主要有兩條路徑:第一條路徑是反向適用《物權(quán)法》第一百八十九條第二款,從而達(dá)到保護(hù)權(quán)利人的目的,不過應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)"正常經(jīng)營活動(dòng)"、"已支付合理價(jià)款"與"買受人取得抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)"進(jìn)行解釋;第二條路徑是由抵押權(quán)人撤銷權(quán)。主張借助誠實(shí)信用原則路徑的觀點(diǎn)不足采。第四個(gè)問題,結(jié)晶期后抵押權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式。除了抵押權(quán)的協(xié)議實(shí)現(xiàn)外,大多需要借助于執(zhí)行程序和物權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)程序。但我國目前實(shí)現(xiàn)擔(dān)保物權(quán)的特別程序未能考慮浮動(dòng)抵押的特殊性,在實(shí)踐中存在執(zhí)行上的困境,建議引入英國法中的財(cái)產(chǎn)接管人制度強(qiáng)化對(duì)擔(dān)保財(cái)產(chǎn)的整體清算和處理。
[Abstract]:As a kind of mortgage system, the floating mortgage system of movable property has many new characteristics which are different from the traditional mortgage. In practice, there are many disadvantages such as low utilization ratio and many problems. The author refers to many cases of China's adjudicative documents network, combs out four problems to be solved urgently, and looks forward to discussing from the angle of legal interpretation and application, solving the related problems and improving the utilization rate of the system. First, if a floating charge is not registered, a bona fide third party may obtain the mortgage in certain circumstances. On the scope of "bona fide third party", there is a dispute between the idea of literary meaning interpretation and the idea of purposeful expansion. There are two divergences between the two points of view: first, is there a need for a third party to distinguish on the basis of subjective state; and second, does the "third party" include the general creditor. " The bona fide third party "should expand purposefully, including not only the third person who is subjectively bona fide, but also the third person who is subjective, whether in good faith or malicious, under certain circumstances." unregistered mortgage can be used against the general creditor. Regardless of the general creditor's subjective state of mind. The second problem is the order of payment of movable property floating charge and other security interests. For floating mortgage between the existence of competition, should be stressed unregistered, not against bona fide third parties. The question of which right should be given priority between floating mortgage and fixed mortgage should be discussed in detail. If, after the fixed mortgage is established, the floating charge is solidified by something, then the fixed mortgage should take precedence, in which case the relevant British law provides that if there is a negative security clause and the clause is registered, The fixed mortgage cannot be compensated before the floating mortgage; if the mortgagor creates a fixed mortgage on the object after the floating mortgage crystallizes, in essence it becomes a priority problem between the two rights of the same nature. Then according to the mortgage to determine the general principle of treatment. For the existence of floating mortgage and pledge, if floating mortgage is first set up and registered, it should take precedence over pledge. If there is no registration, there is no prior effect. For floating mortgage and lien in the order of existence, lien should be given priority. Thirdly, there are two main ways to deal with the action of fraud against creditor's rights in the application of floating charge system: the first path is the reverse application of the second paragraph of Article 189 of the property Law, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting the obligee. However, "normal operation", "paid reasonable price" and "buyer's acquisition of mortgaged property" should be interpreted; the second way is to revoke the mortgagee's right. The idea of relying on the principle of good faith is inadequate. The fourth problem, the realization of mortgage after crystallization. Except for the realization of mortgage agreement, most of them need executive procedure and real right realization procedure. However, at present, the special procedure of realizing security interest in our country fails to consider the particularity of floating charge, and there is a dilemma of execution in practice. It is suggested that the system of property receiver in English law should be introduced to strengthen the whole liquidation and disposal of secured property.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D923.2

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