本文選題：侵權(quán)損害賠償 + 公平分擔損失規(guī)則��； 參考：《甘肅政法學(xué)院》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：本文是對在我國侵權(quán)損害賠償領(lǐng)域中關(guān)于公平分擔損失規(guī)則的適用的研究。從一定意義上來說,人類社會成長發(fā)展的歷史,就是人類不停追求社會公平和公正的發(fā)展歷史,公平的實現(xiàn)水平也成為看一個國家是否實現(xiàn)文明的主要衡量標準。公平觀念最早出現(xiàn)在古希臘的城邦制度。公平在我國是傳統(tǒng)精神和文化內(nèi)涵的一個重要的方面。公平的概念不僅是一個表征道德和道德要求的概念,同時也表達在法律的要求。它代表著法律終極理性追求和價值追求。公平是一個相對廣泛和變化的概念,不一樣的社會歷史和社會現(xiàn)實,賦予了公平不一樣的內(nèi)在含義,它對社會生活各方面的要求也就不一樣。公平表現(xiàn)在法律上,是對社會一般正義觀念的反映,注重法律關(guān)系各個主體之間在權(quán)利的享有、義務(wù)的負擔上的合理平衡。公平分擔損失規(guī)則,作為本文的研究對象規(guī)定于我國《侵權(quán)責任法》第二十四條,是指在當事人對于實際損害的發(fā)生都不具有侵權(quán)法上過錯的情形下,可以由法院基于實際情況,由當事人各方共同參與分擔損失的一項法律制度。公平分擔損失制度是一項值得重視的法律制度。但由于法律規(guī)定空間較大,該分擔制度規(guī)定欠缺具體,具有一定不確定性,進而在適用中存在適用標準和范圍不明確的問題,存在一定混亂現(xiàn)象。因此,如何正確適用這項重要的法律制度,是本文的重點研究內(nèi)容。本文從公平分擔損失的法律依據(jù)、相關(guān)理論出發(fā),從理論分析和實證研究為切入,通過理論基礎(chǔ)、爭議梳理、司法現(xiàn)狀分析、適用規(guī)則研究四個模塊,指出其本質(zhì)屬性為法定之債,是關(guān)于損失分擔的具體制度,這一制度的體系結(jié)構(gòu)包括一般規(guī)定和具體適用上的規(guī)定情形。并在此基礎(chǔ)提出了這一制度在實際侵權(quán)損害司法中適用的具體的步驟和方法,合理安排了各種考量因素的適用順位和考量內(nèi)容,以便更好的為司法實踐服務(wù)。本文建議應(yīng)當盡快出臺司法解釋對公平分擔損失規(guī)則及其適用情形明確化、具體化、類型化;限制法官自由裁量權(quán)以防濫用。此外,還應(yīng)當明確要求該規(guī)則只適用于直接損失、不適用于醫(yī)療行為案件、不適用精神損害、分擔比例一定要在充分考慮了各項考量因素后合理分配、要求法官判決時詳細論述判決理由。
[Abstract]:This paper is a study on the application of fair allocation of loss rules in the field of tort compensation in China. In a certain sense, the history of human society's growth and development is the development history in which human beings constantly pursue social fairness and justice, and the level of realization of fairness has become the main criterion to judge whether a country realizes civilization or not. The concept of fairness first appeared in the ancient Greek city-state system. Fairness is an important aspect of traditional spirit and cultural connotation in our country. The concept of fairness is not only a representation of moral and moral requirements, but also expressed in the requirements of law. It represents the ultimate rational pursuit of law and the pursuit of value. Fairness is a relatively broad and changing concept. The different social history and social reality endow with the different inner meaning of fairness, and its requirements on all aspects of social life are also different. Fairness is a reflection of the general concept of social justice in the law, and pays attention to the reasonable balance between the subjects of legal relations in the enjoyment of rights and the burden of obligations. The rule of fair allocation of loss, as the object of this paper, is stipulated in Article 24 of our country's Tort liability Law, which means that the parties have no fault in tort law for the occurrence of actual damage. A legal system in which the parties may participate in the allocation of loss on the basis of the actual circumstances. The system of fair allocation of loss is a legal system worthy of attention. However, due to the large space of the legal provisions, the provisions of the sharing system are lack of concrete, with certain uncertainties, and then in the application of the standard and scope of the problem is not clear, there is a certain amount of confusion. Therefore, how to apply this important legal system correctly is the key research content of this article. This paper starts from the legal basis of fair sharing of losses, relevant theories, from theoretical analysis and empirical research, through the theoretical basis, dispute combing, judicial status analysis, applicable rules research four modules, It is pointed out that its essential attribute is a legal debt, which is a specific system of loss allocation. The system structure of this system includes general provisions and specific applicable provisions. On this basis, the author puts forward the concrete steps and methods of applying this system in the actual tort and damage justice, and reasonably arranges the applicable order and content of various considerations in order to better serve the judicial practice. This article suggests that the judicial explanation should be issued as soon as possible to clarify, concretize and type the rules of fair allocation of loss and their application, and to limit the discretion of judges to prevent abuse. In addition, it should be made clear that the rule should apply only to direct losses, not to cases of medical conduct or to moral damage, and that the allocation of shares must be reasonably distributed, taking full account of considerations, The judge was asked to elaborate on the reasons for the decision.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅政法學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D923

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