本文關鍵詞： 消費者合同 法律適用 弱者保護 網(wǎng)絡消費 意思自治　出處：《西南政法大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：跨境消費已成為當代國際社會常見的一種社會現(xiàn)象,并伴隨著全球化趨勢的進一步加強、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術的高速發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)出更加紛繁復雜的現(xiàn)實形態(tài)。世界各國實體法律制度對涉外消費者保護的規(guī)定體系獨立,差別甚大,亦為跨境消費者合同的法律適用帶來重大挑戰(zhàn)。美國沖突法革命后,全球國際私法更加注重沖突法實質正義的追求,特別是對弱者利益的傾斜性保護,在跨境消費者合同方面則體現(xiàn)為法律適用規(guī)則獨立于一般合同準據(jù)法確定規(guī)則的趨勢。隨著國際貿易壁壘的日漸降低和網(wǎng)絡科技迅猛發(fā)展,跨境消費者合同在數(shù)量上急劇增加,網(wǎng)絡交易環(huán)境下消費者弱勢地位進一步凸顯,需要對消費者與經(jīng)營者之間的權益分配進行再平衡。因此,對跨境消費者合同的法律適用進行與時俱進的研究一方面能有效保護涉外消費者的合法權益,與國際消費者保護整體立法趨勢協(xié)調統(tǒng)一;另一方面能以跨境消費者合同糾紛的合理解決為評判標準,根據(jù)沖突法實質正義與形式正義的平衡性要求,以具體消費者權益保護的實現(xiàn)及經(jīng)營者相關合法權益的兼顧為分析切入點,并結合對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展影響的適度考慮,設計出符合具體中國國情、且科學合理具備實用性的跨境消費者合同法律適用規(guī)則。第一章:跨境消費者合同的一般問題。本章對跨境消費者合同的幾個基本問題進行梳理。首先介紹了全球消費者保護運動的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展,并結合跨境語境下消費者合同日益勃興的現(xiàn)實狀況,分析沖突規(guī)則設計時消費者合同概念的單獨提出;其次圍繞沖突法視域下跨境消費者合同的基本概念理解進行深入闡述,主要從消費者的主體定義厘清、締約對方的基本情況考量、消費者合同的標的范圍厘定以及“跨境”一詞的選用釋解等幾個方面全面解析跨境消費者合同的概念;第三,對跨境消費者合同在識別過程中出現(xiàn)的消費者合同責任與產(chǎn)品侵權責任發(fā)生競合時的處理思路作出闡述;最后,對消費者合同選法規(guī)則獨立的價值基礎——弱者利益保護原則進行分析,并在此原則下對消費者合同法律選擇的價值取向做以全面評述。第二章:跨境消費者合同的法律選擇方法與法律適用規(guī)則。不論是沖突法革命后立法價值取向的逐步轉變,還是在跨境消費迅速普及發(fā)展至今對消費者權益保護的逐步重視,各國在沖突法領域加強對消費者權益保護的立法宗旨是一致的。然而,在一致性目的引領下各國的成文立法和司法實踐卻并不相同。本章對意思自治、最密切聯(lián)系和特征性履行、政府利益分析說及較好的法等結果取向的選法方法和分割方法等沖突法主要選法方法在跨境消費者合同法律選擇中的實際運用進行綜合評析后,以世界各國消費者合同法律適用具體規(guī)則為研究對象,將現(xiàn)行各國立法劃分為四種模式,評述每種模式的典型立法規(guī)定,并結合沖突規(guī)范的具體內容評析跨境消費者合同法律適用規(guī)則的發(fā)展趨勢。第三章:網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境下跨境消費者合同的法律適用。網(wǎng)絡技術發(fā)展是現(xiàn)代沖突法立法中必須著重考察的新興元素,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺的充分介入使得跨境消費者合同呈現(xiàn)出不同以往的諸多特性,不論是泛格式合同化及條款的相對隱蔽性、還是主體身份確認和客體形式變更的復雜性,抑或是第三方交易平臺及物流運輸行業(yè)介入的常態(tài)化,甚至包括支付手段的多樣性、合同蔓延的迅速國際化等均為傳統(tǒng)消費者合同法律適用規(guī)則在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)環(huán)境下提出了嶄新挑戰(zhàn)。本章在總述網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境的發(fā)展和沖擊性影響后,著重對保護性選法規(guī)則(以歐盟為例)和中立性選法規(guī)則(以美國為例)從具體法律規(guī)定及相關司法實踐的角度進行深入分析,雖然目前歐盟和美國均未就網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境下制定專門性系統(tǒng)性立法用以規(guī)制消費者合同法律適用,但結合其相關電子商務立法和司法實踐的諸多考量可見其對網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境下跨境消費者合同法律規(guī)制傾注的重要關注。最后,在以國外相關立法和實踐為分析背景的基礎上,對目前網(wǎng)絡消費者合同法律適用的現(xiàn)狀從傳統(tǒng)規(guī)則的承繼、連結點的嬗變以及沖突規(guī)范的革新等方面作出綜合評析。第四章:跨境消費者合同法律適用規(guī)則的中國法構建。前述對跨境消費者合同法律適用方法、規(guī)則和實踐的研究均是為了對中國的相關立法提出合理完善的構建思路。本章以我國跨境消費者合同法律適用的立法及司法實踐現(xiàn)狀為具體導入,在結合國外相關先進立法的基礎上,全面綜合地對我國現(xiàn)狀中諸如消費者合同的概念界定不清,單方法律選擇權的受限及可行性欠缺,法律選擇效果實質性評價的缺乏、經(jīng)營者法律選擇權不當剝奪的弊端以及結果定向指導下消費者權益保護強制性規(guī)則的缺失等幾方面不足進行深入剖析,并最終致力于構建體系完整、結構合理、既接軌于國際社會、又貼合具體中國國情、在兼顧各方當事人合法利益的同時偏重對消費者的特別保護并注重個案合理妥善解決的中國式跨境消費者合同法律適用規(guī)則。
[Abstract]:Cross-border consumption has become a common social phenomenon in the contemporary international society, along with the globalization, the rapid development of Internet technology and show a more complex reality. The complex world entity legal system and regulations of foreign consumer protection system, the difference is very large, apply for cross-border consumer contract law brings a major challenge. American conflicts revolution, global conflict of private international law pay more attention to the pursuit of substantive justice, especially the protection of the interests of the weak, in the aspects of cross-border consumer contract is reflected in the law applicable rules to determine the applicable law of contract independent general trend. With the rapid development of international trade barriers gradually reduced and network technology, a sharp increase in the number of cross-border consumer contracts, consumers vulnerable position of the online trading environment further highlights, Need to re balance the interests distribution between consumers and business operators. Therefore, application of cross-border consumer contract law research advancing with the foreign hand can effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, and the international consumer protection legislation trend overall coordination; on the other hand to solve cross-border consumer contract disputes as the evaluation standard, according to the request conflicts of substantive justice and formal justice to achieve balance, balance and operator specific consumer protection related to the legitimate rights and interests of the entry point for the analysis, combined with the appropriate to consider the impact on the development of the Internet, designed to meet the specific Chinese conditions, rational and practical cross-border consumer contract law applicable rules. The first chapter: the general problem of cross-border consumer contract. This chapter on cross-border consumer contracts, several basic problems of comb Daniel. First introduced the emergence and development of global consumer protection movement, and combined with the reality of consumer contract development of cross-border context, analysis of the conflict rules of design concept of consumer contract alone; secondly according to the basic concepts of conflict from the perspective of cross-border consumer contract understanding in detail, mainly from the main body of consumers to clarify the definition, basic the contracting party consider several concepts within a range of reasonable consumer contract subject and "cross-border" word selection and other aspects of a comprehensive analysis of their cross-border consumer contracts; third, to elaborate on ideas of consumer contract liability and tort liability product cross-border consumer contracts in the recognition process concurrent; finally, to consumers choose contract value based on independent rules -- the principle of protecting the interests of the weak, and then Under the principle of value orientation of consumer contract choice of law to do a comprehensive review. The second chapter: cross-border consumer contract choice of law method and applicable law rules. Whether it is gradually changing the value orientation of the legal conflicts revolution, or in the popularization and development of cross-border consumer to consumer protection gradually attention, countries to strengthen the legislative purpose of the protection of consumer rights in the field of law is the same. However, in the unity of purpose under the guidance of national legislation and judicial practice is not the same. This chapter of the autonomy, the most closely linked and characteristic performance, government interests analysis and better method that conflict results oriented selection method and segmentation method etc. the main method of selection method of choice of law in cross-border consumer contracts in the practical application of comprehensive assessment, to consumers around the world with the applicable law of contract Rules as the research object, the existing legislation will be divided into four modes, each mode of the typical legislation review, development trend and combined with the specific content of conflict rules of law applicable rules of cross-border consumer contracts. The third chapter: application of cross-border consumer contract law under the network environment. The development of network technology is a new element of modern law the legislation must be emphasized, fully involved in the Internet platform makes the cross-border consumer contract presents many characteristics different from the past, whether it is universal and the terms of the contract format is relatively hidden, or subject and object identification form change complexity, or normalization intervention third party trading platform and logistics transportation industry, even including the diversity of means of payment contract, the spread of the rapid internationalization are the traditional consumer contract law applicable rules on the Internet Network environment put forward new challenges. This chapter in the development and influence of network environment overview, focuses on the rules on the protection of selected (on EU cases) and neutral selection rules (for example) through in-depth analysis of specific legal provisions and the relevant judicial practice point of view, although the EU and the United States were not on the network environment to develop specialized system of legislation to regulate consumer contract law applicable, but the combination of many considerations related electronic commerce legislation and judicial practice which under the environment of network of cross-border consumer contract legal regulation into the important concern. Finally, in order to foreign legislation and practical basis for analysis on the background of the current network, consumer contract law applicable to the current situation from the traditional rules of inheritance, evolution and conflict rules innovation, link and make comprehensive analysis. The fourth chapter: Cross Construction of China law applicable rules of consumer contracts. The exit of the applicable law of cross-border consumer contracts, research and practice of the rule is to put forward the rational thinking on perfecting related legislation Chinese. In this chapter, our law of cross-border consumer contract legislation and judicial practice for specific introduction, on the basis of the foreign advanced legislation, a comprehensive concept of the current situation of our country such as the consumer contract is not clearly defined, unilateral limitation and lacks of feasibility right of choice of law, lack of substantive effect evaluation of choice of law, operators of choice of law right abuses and improper deprivation results in several aspects of directional protection of consumers' rights and interests under the guidance of mandatory rules the lack of in-depth analysis, and finally committed to building a complete system, reasonable structure, not only conform to the international community, but also fit out In the light of China's national conditions, taking into account the legitimate interests of all parties, we also emphasize the special protection of consumers and attach importance to the applicable rules of Chinese cross-border consumer contracts, which are properly and properly solved by cases.

【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D997;D923.8

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