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美國(guó)空氣污染治理政策演變研究結(jié)論與參考文獻(xiàn),世界史論文

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-03-07 07:11

  本文關(guān)鍵詞:美國(guó)環(huán)境法史論,由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。


    本篇論文目錄導(dǎo)航:

  【題目】成本-效益分析下美國(guó)空氣污染治理歷程探究
  【緒論】美國(guó)空氣污染治理政策調(diào)整分析緒論
  【第一章】90年代以來(lái)美國(guó)空氣污染治理政策
  【第二章】近現(xiàn)代美國(guó)空氣污染治理中的爭(zhēng)論
  【第三章】美國(guó)空氣污染治理的成本-效益分析
  【結(jié)論/參考文獻(xiàn)】美國(guó)空氣污染治理政策演變研究結(jié)論與參考文獻(xiàn)

  結(jié) 語(yǔ)

  20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以來(lái)美國(guó)空氣污染治理政策得到進(jìn)一步完善,喬治·布什通過(guò)了 1990 年《清潔空氣法》修正案、比爾·克林頓提高空氣污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及喬治·沃克·布什頒布了《清潔天空法》和《清潔空氣州際規(guī)程》等。這些政策的頒布與實(shí)行,打破了 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代以來(lái)空氣污染治理政策調(diào)整停滯的狀態(tài),推動(dòng)了空氣污染治理模式的創(chuàng)新,探索基于市場(chǎng)原則的治理模式。此后,以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的空氣污染治理政策和"命令-管制"型政策并駕齊驅(qū)。

  從環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的角度來(lái)看,20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以前的空氣污染治理政策運(yùn)用"命令-管制"模式,巨額的空氣污染治理投資,抑制了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,阻礙了企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新,使空氣污染治理與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展形成對(duì)立關(guān)系。進(jìn)入 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代后,認(rèn)識(shí)到環(huán)境保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)系,在空氣污染治理政策中注意市場(chǎng)化機(jī)制的運(yùn)用,在清潔空氣的同時(shí)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,試圖實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境保護(hù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的平衡。

  從環(huán)境政治史的角度出發(fā),,環(huán)境政策的制定過(guò)程中存在著利益集團(tuán)的博弈,不同的環(huán)境主體借助成本-效益分析等手段追求自身的利益,將非政治化因素政治化。在 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)倒退和工商業(yè)團(tuán)體的壓力,成本-效益分析成為阻礙新環(huán)境政策出臺(tái)的工具。進(jìn)入 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代,由于環(huán)保組織的推動(dòng),以及空氣污染問(wèn)題頻發(fā)的壓力,為了平衡經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系,成本-效益分析又成為推動(dòng)空氣污染治理政策出臺(tái)的工具。成本-效益分析方法作為分析工具,在實(shí)際運(yùn)用過(guò)程背離其本質(zhì)目的,被附上人的主觀價(jià)值,導(dǎo)致了分析工具的政治化,使空氣污染的治理從技術(shù)問(wèn)題演變成了以技術(shù)手段為中介的人與人之間的關(guān)系。

  多角度研究 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以來(lái)的美國(guó)空氣污染治理政策,展現(xiàn)政策法規(guī)本身和制定過(guò)程中的原始場(chǎng)景,有助于我們深化對(duì)問(wèn)題本質(zhì)的認(rèn)知,更新我國(guó)空氣污染治理政策制定的思路,進(jìn)而更好地解決我們當(dāng)下的各種環(huán)境困境。


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 。ㄈ┲形膮⒖嘉墨I(xiàn):
  
  1. 本刊編輯部:《美國(guó)洛杉磯地區(qū) PM2.5 治理對(duì)策研究》,《城市管理與科技》 2013 年第 2 期。
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  3. 包茂紅:《唐納德·沃斯特和美國(guó)環(huán)境史研究》,《史學(xué)理論與研究》,2003年第 4 期。
  4. 蔡嵐:《空氣污染治理中的政府間的關(guān)系》,《中國(guó)行政管理》,2013 年第10 期。
  5. 李文杰:《美國(guó)空氣污染狀況及治理》,《全球科技經(jīng)濟(jì)了望》,2011 年第3 期。
  6. 梁睿:《美國(guó)清潔空氣法研究》,博士論文,中國(guó)海洋大學(xué),2010 年。
  7. 尚學(xué)興:《論布什政府的環(huán)保政策》,《黑河學(xué)刊》,2010 年第 5 期。
  8. 王占飛:《霧鎖霾封,美國(guó)如何突圍?》,《環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)管理與技術(shù)》,2013年第 1 期。
  9. 吳江:《淺談美國(guó)的清潔空氣法》,《大江周刊》,2012 年第 1 期。
  10. 謝雯:《可交易的空氣污染權(quán):以<清潔空氣法>為中心》,《河北法學(xué)》,2010 年第 7 期。
  11. 尹志軍:《美國(guó)環(huán)境法史論》,博士論文,中國(guó)政法大學(xué),2005 年。
  12. 王占飛,車飛等:《美國(guó)環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)修訂歷程》,《環(huán)境工程技術(shù)學(xué)報(bào)》,2013 年第 3 期。


  本文關(guān)鍵詞:美國(guó)環(huán)境法史論,由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。



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