【摘要】：煤區(qū)在對我國經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)的同時(shí)卻付出了巨大的代價(jià)——環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞,給煤區(qū)帶來了諸多環(huán)境問題和生活不便。與此同時(shí),整個(gè)社會享受了煤炭資源帶來的利益,尤其是遠(yuǎn)離煤區(qū)的東部沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的區(qū)域,電力方便,環(huán)境優(yōu)美,這不得不引人深思,煤區(qū)的付出與整個(gè)社會的利益享受形成了鮮明的對比,造成了一種區(qū)域的不平衡。這從跟不上有悖于和諧社會的主旨和要求,也不利于煤區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。對此,通過對煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任承擔(dān)問題的分析和研究,使煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任公平合理承擔(dān)顯得尤為重要。而以往的研究僅僅是強(qiáng)調(diào)政府或者企業(yè)的環(huán)境責(zé)任,未同時(shí)從宏觀角度分析各個(gè)環(huán)境主體在煤區(qū)環(huán)境問題中應(yīng)承擔(dān)什么樣的責(zé)任。本篇文章從縱橫兩個(gè)角度展開分析,分析得出：不僅煤區(qū)的煤礦和相關(guān)煤炭企業(yè)在開采和利用過程中要承擔(dān)責(zé)任,同時(shí),整個(gè)社會和國家也應(yīng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任,以此來分?jǐn)傋匀辉蛟斐傻拿簠^(qū)環(huán)境問題的區(qū)域性,求得社會的共同和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 第一部分,我國煤區(qū)環(huán)境問題的現(xiàn)狀。運(yùn)用大量的客觀數(shù)據(jù)說明了我國煤炭資源分布的不均衡性,以及由此造成了煤區(qū)環(huán)境問題地域性的特征,為煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任的公平分?jǐn)偟於嘶A(chǔ)。 第二部分,我國煤區(qū)各主體的環(huán)境責(zé)任及相關(guān)法律制度中存在的問題。雖然我國相關(guān)法律中規(guī)定了各主體的環(huán)境責(zé)任,但是在實(shí)踐操作中發(fā)現(xiàn),許多環(huán)境責(zé)任的設(shè)計(jì)并不合理到位,具體表現(xiàn)為：政府在煤炭資源開采方面制定政策的缺少相應(yīng)的監(jiān)督,企業(yè)違法成本低,公眾參與環(huán)境影響評價(jià)的制度有名無實(shí)。煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任制度在縱向上不能將環(huán)境問題控制在源頭,在橫向上不能起到相互制約、相互配合的作用。 第三部分,國外煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任的立法與實(shí)踐。大多數(shù)國家雖無專門的煤區(qū)環(huán)境立法,但是關(guān)于煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任的相關(guān)法律和制度在現(xiàn)實(shí)中的實(shí)施比較成熟,以立法較為先進(jìn)的美國和煤炭資源豐富的澳大利亞兩個(gè)國家的相關(guān)法律制度為例,剖析了其先進(jìn)和成熟的理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn),并總結(jié)了對我國煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任制度構(gòu)建的啟示。 第四部分,我國煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任的設(shè)計(jì)與構(gòu)建。與普通的民事、刑事責(zé)任強(qiáng)調(diào)事后懲罰的功能不太一樣,環(huán)境責(zé)任應(yīng)更注重第一性環(huán)境責(zé)任,即“環(huán)境責(zé)任”內(nèi)涵的新拓展要求重視煤區(qū)和整個(gè)社會的第一性環(huán)境義務(wù)的設(shè)置,從源頭上控制煤區(qū)環(huán)境問題的發(fā)生。在此理論基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合中國的實(shí)際,提出了煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任的制度構(gòu)建。 煤區(qū)的環(huán)境污染問題作為我國環(huán)境問題的一個(gè)典型,其同時(shí)又具有廣泛的區(qū)域性,研究和分析煤區(qū)環(huán)境責(zé)任的歸責(zé)與分配,既為煤區(qū)環(huán)境問題的解決提供理論支持,同時(shí),這也為我國其他環(huán)境問題責(zé)任的分配提供一種借鑒。因此,如果此問題結(jié)論成立,在環(huán)境責(zé)任問題方面將會有很廣闊的應(yīng)用空間,環(huán)境責(zé)任的分配將會更科學(xué)和更合理。
[Abstract]:The coal region has made an important contribution to the economic construction of our country, but at the same time, it has paid a great deal of cost _ environmental pollution and ecological damage, which brings many environmental problems and inconvenience to the coal region. At the same time, the whole society has the benefits of the coal resources, especially the region far from the coal region along the developed region of the sea economy, the power is convenient, the environment is beautiful, this has to be thought-provoking, the pay of the coal region and the benefit of the whole society have formed a clear contrast, resulting in an imbalance in the region. This is not to follow the spirit and requirement of the harmonious society, but also to the sustainable development of the coal area. Through the analysis and study of the environmental responsibility of the coal area, it is very important to make the environmental responsibility of the coal area reasonable and reasonable. The past research is only to emphasize the environmental responsibility of the government or the enterprise, and not to analyze the responsibility of the environmental main body in the coal-area environment at the same time. The article analyses from the aspect of two aspects: not only the coal mine and the relevant coal enterprise in the coal area should be held liable in the process of exploitation and utilization, but also the whole society and the state should bear the corresponding responsibility, The regional and common and sustainable development of the coal-area environmental problems caused by natural causes can be assessed. The first part, the present situation of China's coal-area environment In this paper, a large amount of objective data is used to illustrate the imbalance of the distribution of coal resources in China, as well as the characteristics of the regional environmental problems of the coal region, which lays the foundation for the fair apportionment of the environmental responsibility of the coal region. The second part, the environmental responsibility and the relevant legal system of the main body of the coal area in China However, in practice, it is found that the design of many environmental responsibilities is not in place, such as the lack of corresponding supervision of the government in the exploitation of coal resources, and the violation of the law. The system of low cost and public participation in environmental impact assessment The environmental responsibility system of the coal zone cannot control the environmental problem at the source in the longitudinal direction, and can not be mutually restricted in the transverse direction, and cooperate with each other. The role of the third part, the environmental responsibility of the foreign coal area The legislation and practice. Most of the countries have no special coal-area environmental legislation, but the relevant laws and systems on the environmental responsibility of the coal area are relatively mature in the reality, and the legislation is more advanced and the relevant laws of the two countries with rich coal resources The system of law is an example, analyzes its advanced and mature theory and experience, and summarizes the system of environmental responsibility for coal area in China. The fourth part, the environmental responsibility of the coal area in China The responsibility of environmental responsibility should pay more attention to the first environmental responsibility, that is, the new extension of the 鈥渆nvironmental responsibility鈥，

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