【摘要】：隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展和科技的進(jìn)步,社會(huì)城市化的進(jìn)程也在不斷加快。各種高科技手段被逐漸運(yùn)用,在人們生活水平不斷得到提高的同時(shí),大量的固體廢物也隨之產(chǎn)生。自上個(gè)世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái),各種瓶裝、罐裝飲品被投入市場(chǎng),罐裝工業(yè)用劑被廣泛應(yīng)用到工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中。另外,電子信息化的不斷發(fā)展也帶來(lái)了各種廢舊電器、電池等垃圾。這些固體廢物由于在使用后喪失了全部的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值或者只剩下很少的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,很容易被人們隨意丟棄。但這些固體廢物中含有汞、鎘等大量有毒有害物質(zhì),不但會(huì)對(duì)水、土壤、大氣等環(huán)境資源造成嚴(yán)重污染,還會(huì)對(duì)人體健康和整個(gè)生態(tài)安全構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。另一方面,這些固體廢物里面也含有很多貴重金屬、有機(jī)物等可利用物質(zhì),如果能對(duì)其加以有效的回收利用,則可以節(jié)約一大筆資源。如何妥善處理固體廢物成為事關(guān)保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境和實(shí)現(xiàn)資源節(jié)約的重大課題。鑒于此,各國(guó)在不斷探索和總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,形成了循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)這一發(fā)展模式手段來(lái)解決日益嚴(yán)重的固體廢物污染問(wèn)題。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)堅(jiān)持3R,即“減量化、再利用、再循環(huán)”的行為準(zhǔn)則,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)污染治理由“末端治理”向“源頭防治”的轉(zhuǎn)化。即對(duì)進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)和能量要實(shí)現(xiàn)資源利用的最大化,污染物排放的最小化。在保護(hù)環(huán)境的同時(shí)提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,從而促進(jìn)人與自然的和諧發(fā)展。而環(huán)境押金制度在循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的理念追求下,以其獨(dú)特的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)性和靈活性,對(duì)固體廢物污染有良好的事前防治效果,因而得到了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的普遍重視。在瑞士、德國(guó)等西方國(guó)家已經(jīng)得到了充分運(yùn)用,并被作為一項(xiàng)重要的法律制度規(guī)定在環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域中。相關(guān)實(shí)踐表明,該項(xiàng)制度在減少污染、保護(hù)環(huán)境、實(shí)現(xiàn)固體廢物資源的永續(xù)利用方面有著相當(dāng)出色的作用。 但目前,環(huán)境押金制度還未在我國(guó)環(huán)境法上建立,學(xué)術(shù)理論界對(duì)其也很少有涉及,處于起步研究階段。在我國(guó)固體廢物日益增多并作為主要污染源逐漸加重環(huán)境污染的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況下,有必要建立合理的環(huán)境法律制度對(duì)其從源頭上加以遏制。環(huán)境押金制度以其獨(dú)特經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)性,可以有效的控制人們對(duì)潛在污染物品的隨意丟棄,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)環(huán)境污染的事前防治。因此,加強(qiáng)對(duì)環(huán)境押金制度的研究無(wú)疑有著重要的理論意義和實(shí)踐意義。構(gòu)建完善的環(huán)境押金制度不僅有利于環(huán)境法理論體系的完善,還有助于促進(jìn)環(huán)境法治建設(shè),實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)的目標(biāo)。我們應(yīng)在充分考慮我國(guó)具體國(guó)情的情況下,對(duì)西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)加以借鑒,從而在法律層面上構(gòu)建一套適合我國(guó)發(fā)展的環(huán)境押金制度。 本文共分六個(gè)部分來(lái)論述環(huán)境押金制度在我國(guó)的構(gòu)建。第一部分是緒論,概括介紹了本文的選題背景、研究?jī)?nèi)容和意義以及本文的研究方法,為展開(kāi)下文論述進(jìn)行鋪墊。第二部分對(duì)環(huán)境押金制度進(jìn)行概述,包括環(huán)境押金制度的概念、特征、法律性質(zhì)以及對(duì)各相關(guān)行為主體的影響。第三部分論述了環(huán)境押金制度的理論基礎(chǔ),包括法理基礎(chǔ)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。從法理學(xué)角度來(lái)說(shuō),環(huán)境押金制度是建立在環(huán)境權(quán)、國(guó)家環(huán)境管理權(quán)和生產(chǎn)者責(zé)任延伸制度的基礎(chǔ)上。而從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度來(lái)說(shuō),環(huán)境押金制度是建立在公共物品理論和環(huán)境外部不經(jīng)濟(jì)性的基礎(chǔ)之上。第四部分論述了國(guó)外環(huán)境押金制度的實(shí)踐及其對(duì)我國(guó)的啟示。通過(guò)對(duì)瑞典、德國(guó)、美國(guó)、日本等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家環(huán)境押金制度的實(shí)踐進(jìn)行綜述,總結(jié)出其對(duì)我國(guó)構(gòu)建環(huán)境押金制度的啟示。第五部分探討了在我國(guó)建立環(huán)境押金制度的必要性和可行性。由于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的迫切需要和我國(guó)現(xiàn)行法律的不足,我國(guó)有建立環(huán)境押金制度的必要性。另外,我國(guó)有建立環(huán)境押金制度的政策依據(jù)和固體廢物管理的長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ),并且環(huán)境押金制度有著較低的法律運(yùn)行成本。因此,在我國(guó)建立環(huán)境押金制度有著可行性。第六部分提出了我國(guó)環(huán)境押金制度構(gòu)建的具體建議。包括確定環(huán)境押金的收取體系、返還體系、使用管理體系、回收物品的處置體系、保障措施體系以及環(huán)境押金制度的法律責(zé)任及糾紛解決,并對(duì)環(huán)境押金制度中相關(guān)特殊問(wèn)題的處理提出建議。本文的創(chuàng)新之處在于運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型對(duì)環(huán)境押金制度進(jìn)行分析,并針對(duì)我國(guó)的具體經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和消費(fèi)情況構(gòu)建出具有可操作性的環(huán)境押金制度,最后運(yùn)用一個(gè)流程圖對(duì)環(huán)境押金制度的整個(gè)運(yùn)行機(jī)制作出概括。
[Abstract]:With the development of industry and the progress of science and technology, the process of social urbanization is accelerating. All kinds of high-tech means are gradually applied, and at the same time people's living standards are continuously improved, a large amount of solid waste is also produced. Since the 1960s, bottled and canned drinks have been put into the market, and canned industrial agents have been widely used in industrial and agricultural production. In addition, the development of electronic information also brings various waste electric appliances, batteries and other garbage. These solid wastes are easily discarded due to the fact that the total economic value is lost or only a small economic value is left after the use. however, that solid waste contain a large amount of toxic and harmful substances such as mercury, sulfur and the like, which not only cause serious pollution to the environmental resources such as water, soil, atmosphere and the like, but also pose a serious threat to the health of the human body and the safety of the whole ecological environment. On the other hand, the solid waste also contains many valuable metals, organic substances and other available substances. If it can be effectively recycled, a large amount of resources can be saved. How to properly deal with solid waste has become a major task for protecting the ecological environment and realizing the resource saving. In view of this, on the basis of continuous exploration and experience, countries have formed a means of circular economy to solve the serious problem of solid waste pollution. The circular economy adheres to the code of conduct of 3R, that is, the 鈥渄equantization, reuse, re-circulation,鈥，

本文編號(hào)：2323922