【摘要】：從世界各國的環(huán)境立法來看，許可證制度是防范環(huán)境風(fēng)險的一項(xiàng)“支柱性”法律制度。由于這一制度便于把影響環(huán)境的各種開發(fā)建設(shè)活動、排污行為納入國家統(tǒng)一管理的軌道，并嚴(yán)格限制在國家規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)，使政府能夠有效進(jìn)行環(huán)境管理，因而其在現(xiàn)代環(huán)境法上得到廣泛運(yùn)用。 目前，我國學(xué)界對環(huán)境行政許可的研究尚存在兩個明顯不足：一是許多學(xué)者偏重于從行政法上的理論、原則與制度來研究環(huán)境行政許可問題，而對環(huán)境法上的理論、原則與制度有所忽視，這種狀況日益使人誤認(rèn)為環(huán)境行政許可屬于行政法學(xué)的研究領(lǐng)域，而非環(huán)境法學(xué)的研究領(lǐng)域；二是偏重于對環(huán)評審批、排污許可、溫室氣體排放許可等單項(xiàng)環(huán)境行政許可進(jìn)行研究，而對環(huán)境行政許可制度的整體性研究較為薄弱，從而難以反映出我國環(huán)境行政許可制度的全貌及存在的各種弊端。 針對上述現(xiàn)狀，本文從環(huán)境法學(xué)與行政法學(xué)交叉學(xué)科的角度（并且主要是從環(huán)境法學(xué)的角度），來對我國環(huán)境行政許可制度作整體性研究。本文的目的，在于以環(huán)境行政許可的基本理論為指引，從環(huán)境行政許可的項(xiàng)目設(shè)定、運(yùn)行制度、矯正機(jī)制三個層面來系統(tǒng)剖析我國環(huán)境行政許可制度存在的種種弊端，進(jìn)而提出制度改進(jìn)的具體建議。也就是說，在研究的路徑上，本文以改進(jìn)中國的環(huán)境行政許可制度為導(dǎo)向。為此，除引言和結(jié)語外，本文共分為以下四章： 第一章：環(huán)境行政許可的基本理論。在本章中，筆者從五個方面論述了環(huán)境行政許可的基本理論：（1）梳理了目前學(xué)界對環(huán)境行政許可的定義，剖析了其存在的缺陷并提出了環(huán)境行政許可的新定義；（2）基于“現(xiàn)代環(huán)境法是污染防治法、自然保護(hù)法與能源法三者有機(jī)融合的混合體”這一觀點(diǎn)，將環(huán)境行政許可從實(shí)體內(nèi)容上分為八類（污染防治類許可、自然資源保護(hù)類許可、特殊區(qū)域環(huán)境保護(hù)類許可、動物福利類許可、城鄉(xiāng)景觀美化類許可、物質(zhì)循環(huán)管理類許可、能源類許可、為環(huán)境保護(hù)提供社會化服務(wù)的專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)和專業(yè)人員資質(zhì)、資格類許可），從而進(jìn)一步澄清了環(huán)境行政許可的范圍；（3）概述了環(huán)境行政許可的四大理論基礎(chǔ)（公共信托理論、外部性理論、環(huán)境產(chǎn)權(quán)理論、利益團(tuán)體政治理論），在此基礎(chǔ)上，分析了環(huán)境行政許可的三大功能（控制環(huán)境風(fēng)險、配置環(huán)境資源、提供環(huán)保公信力證明）和五個特點(diǎn)（風(fēng)險品性、科技背景、利益權(quán)衡、代際平衡、國際關(guān)聯(lián)）；（4）根據(jù)當(dāng)今國際社會對環(huán)境法原則的認(rèn)識，并參酌歐盟、美國等先進(jìn)國家的做法，指出環(huán)境行政許可制度建構(gòu)必須遵循八項(xiàng)環(huán)境法原則（預(yù)防原則、謹(jǐn)慎行事原則、科技促進(jìn)原則、合理開發(fā)利用原則、污染者負(fù)擔(dān)原則、公眾參與原則、協(xié)同合作原則、國家環(huán)境資源主權(quán)與不損害國外環(huán)境原則），并闡述了這八項(xiàng)原則對環(huán)境行政許可制度建構(gòu)的基本要求；（5）剖析了環(huán)境行政許可在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的三大負(fù)面效應(yīng)（干擾市場機(jī)制、增加辦事成本、誘發(fā)行政腐�。M(jìn)而指出，在“對哪些事項(xiàng)可以設(shè)定環(huán)境行政許可”這一問題上，立法者應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持市場機(jī)制優(yōu)先原則，即只有在運(yùn)用稅收、補(bǔ)貼、抵押金、環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、環(huán)境信息、環(huán)境行政合同、行業(yè)組織自律、事后監(jiān)督等工具無法實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境保護(hù)之目的時，或者運(yùn)用這些工具違背社會公平時，才可以考慮設(shè)定環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目。 第二章：環(huán)境行政許可的項(xiàng)目設(shè)定。我國環(huán)境行政許可制度，在立法上首先表現(xiàn)為數(shù)量眾多的環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目，因此，探討我國環(huán)境行政許可制度存在的問題，應(yīng)當(dāng)先從環(huán)境行政許可的項(xiàng)目設(shè)定入手。在我國立法上，具體的環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目通常由單行環(huán)境法律、法規(guī)設(shè)定。由于我國是一個單一制國家，中央立法對地方立法有很大的約束力和示范效應(yīng)，加之環(huán)境問題反映的是人與自然的關(guān)系，通常不以人為的行政區(qū)域?yàn)榻纾蚨覈沫h(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目主要是由中央立法設(shè)定�！缎姓S可法》規(guī)定，在中央立法的層面上，只有法律、行政法規(guī)和國務(wù)院決定才能設(shè)定行政許可項(xiàng)目，國務(wù)院部門規(guī)章和其他規(guī)范性文件一律不得設(shè)定�；诖�，筆者用了近半年的時間，全面清理了我國現(xiàn)行有效的法律、行政法規(guī)和國務(wù)院決定設(shè)定的所有環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目（清理工作嚴(yán)格遵循第一章中筆者對環(huán)境行政許可的定義和分類），并在本文附錄中以表格的形式分類列出了所清理出的環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目（共511項(xiàng)）。在此基礎(chǔ)上，筆者在本章中首先敘述了我國中央立法設(shè)定的環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目的基本情況，然后根據(jù)環(huán)境行政許可的基本理論，剖析了我國立法在環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目設(shè)定上存在的五大問題（濫設(shè)環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目、環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目要素不明確、環(huán)境行政許可體制繁雜、環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目設(shè)定滯后、環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目相互沖突或關(guān)系不明確），并提出了完善環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目設(shè)定的相關(guān)立法建議。 第三章：環(huán)境行政許可的運(yùn)行制度�？傮w而言，一項(xiàng)環(huán)境行政許可的運(yùn)行過程可分為兩個階段：一是該環(huán)境行政許可的實(shí)施，包括許可的申請、受理、審查與決定等；二是該環(huán)境行政許可的轉(zhuǎn)讓（其實(shí)質(zhì)是環(huán)境許可證上權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓，當(dāng)然，并非所有環(huán)境行政許可都可以轉(zhuǎn)讓，行政法理論認(rèn)為，“對物的許可”可以轉(zhuǎn)讓，而“對人的許可”則不能轉(zhuǎn)讓）。從實(shí)踐來看，在環(huán)境行政許可的運(yùn)行過程中，有四個方面的法律問題值得探討：（1）環(huán)境行政許可實(shí)施中的裁量權(quán)問題。環(huán)境問題通常具有地域性和空間性，加之環(huán)境行政許可具有利益權(quán)衡之特色，且頻頻決策于科技未知之中，因而在環(huán)境行政許可的實(shí)施上，立法者往往賦予許可機(jī)關(guān)以廣泛裁量權(quán)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境管制的因地制宜。雖然裁量權(quán)有助于提升環(huán)境管制的效率并促進(jìn)環(huán)境管制創(chuàng)新，但也容易被濫用而破壞環(huán)境正義，尤其是環(huán)境行政許可具有明顯的風(fēng)險品性，一旦決策失誤，往往引發(fā)生態(tài)災(zāi)難，因此，如何約束和控制環(huán)境行政許可裁量權(quán)的濫用，是環(huán)境行政許可實(shí)施中的關(guān)鍵問題，也是現(xiàn)代環(huán)境法面臨的一個重要課題。（2）環(huán)境行政許可實(shí)施中的公眾參與問題。盡管環(huán)境行政許可具有濃厚的科技背景，被部分論者認(rèn)為適合專家政治，但是，環(huán)境行政許可亦時常涉及廣度利益沖突，在性質(zhì)上必須借助公眾參與程序來調(diào)和利益沖突，以增強(qiáng)決策的正當(dāng)性。對于環(huán)境行政許可的公眾參與問題，目前學(xué)界主要限于探討環(huán)評審批的公眾參與。雖然在所有環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目中，環(huán)評審批的公眾參與最為復(fù)雜和重要，但是，環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目眾多，各環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目所需要的公眾參與往往繁簡不一、互有差異，因此，仍有必要對環(huán)境行政許可的公眾參與問題作整體性研究，找出我國環(huán)境行政許可公眾參與制度所存在的普遍性問題，進(jìn)而求得一條有效的立法途徑，以全面推進(jìn)環(huán)境行政許可的公眾參與。（3）環(huán)境行政許可實(shí)施中的加快程序問題。許可加快程序是行政許可實(shí)施中的一種重要程序，目的是提高行政效率。就環(huán)境行政許可而言，目前主要是許多地方政府依據(jù)《行政許可法》所規(guī)定的“統(tǒng)一辦理制度”（即“一家承辦、轉(zhuǎn)告相關(guān)、并聯(lián)審批、限時完成”），對開發(fā)建設(shè)領(lǐng)域的大量環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目實(shí)施統(tǒng)一辦理。從實(shí)踐來看，這種審批模式不僅達(dá)不到提高審批效率之目的，反而不利于環(huán)境行政許可的正確實(shí)施，進(jìn)而對生態(tài)環(huán)境構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。為此，有必要借鑒先進(jìn)國家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，探索一種適合于開發(fā)建設(shè)領(lǐng)域的新的許可加快程序，以實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)利益與審批效率的有機(jī)平衡。（4）環(huán)境行政許可轉(zhuǎn)讓中的行政干預(yù)問題。立法者建立環(huán)境行政許可轉(zhuǎn)讓制度的目的，在于利用市場機(jī)制來促進(jìn)環(huán)境資源的優(yōu)化配置，，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)以低成本達(dá)成環(huán)境保護(hù)之目的。環(huán)境行政許可轉(zhuǎn)讓本質(zhì)上是一種私法關(guān)系，然而，市場不是萬能的，在某些時候市場也可能“失靈”，需要國家的適度干預(yù)，行政干預(yù)則是其中最重要的一個方面。但是，當(dāng)行政干預(yù)措施的運(yùn)用超過必要限度時，不僅會擾亂市場交易機(jī)制，還可能出現(xiàn)權(quán)力尋租、交易成本增加、效率低下等問題。我國是一個行政權(quán)強(qiáng)大的國度，在目前的環(huán)境行政許可轉(zhuǎn)讓制度中，存在大量非正當(dāng)?shù)男姓深A(yù)措施，亟需從立法上加以改進(jìn)。本章從上述四個方面剖析了我國環(huán)境行政許可運(yùn)行制度存在的問題，并提出了制度改進(jìn)的具體建議。 第四章：環(huán)境行政許可的矯正機(jī)制。所謂環(huán)境行政許可的矯正機(jī)制，是指對行政相對人、行政主體違反環(huán)境行政許可制度的行為進(jìn)行矯正的法律機(jī)制。離開了矯正機(jī)制，環(huán)境行政許可制度所設(shè)定的各項(xiàng)環(huán)境義務(wù)就只是“環(huán)境道德”的宣示，難以實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境行政許可應(yīng)有之功能。近年來，我國進(jìn)行了大量環(huán)境立法，設(shè)定了大量環(huán)境行政許可項(xiàng)目，但許多地區(qū)仍然走不出“越治越污染”的怪圈，其中一個很重要的原因，就是矯正機(jī)制不到位，導(dǎo)致環(huán)境行政許可制度得不到正確實(shí)施。在結(jié)構(gòu)上，環(huán)境行政許可的矯正機(jī)制分為環(huán)境行政許可的后續(xù)監(jiān)管機(jī)制與法律責(zé)任機(jī)制兩大部分。后續(xù)監(jiān)管機(jī)制的目的在于發(fā)現(xiàn)、認(rèn)定環(huán)境行政許可領(lǐng)域的違法行為；法律責(zé)任機(jī)制的目的在于糾正違法行為并懲罰違法者。無論是后續(xù)監(jiān)管機(jī)制還是法律責(zé)任機(jī)制，均涉及兩類主體：行政相對人和行政主體（包括行政機(jī)關(guān)和行政人員）。從實(shí)踐來看，我國環(huán)境行政許可矯正機(jī)制存在諸多問題：環(huán)境行政許可間接侵權(quán)的法律責(zé)任不明確；被許可人的環(huán)境信息公開義務(wù)缺失；環(huán)境行政處罰力度偏軟；監(jiān)管機(jī)關(guān)的執(zhí)法裁量權(quán)過于寬泛；“限期補(bǔ)辦許可”制度未能與其他責(zé)任制度有機(jī)銜接；相對人的“治理、恢復(fù)、補(bǔ)救”責(zé)任有所遺漏；行政機(jī)關(guān)和行政人員（尤其是行政首長）不正確履行環(huán)境行政許可職責(zé)的法律責(zé)任不到位；公眾參與環(huán)境行政許可監(jiān)督的機(jī)制不健全；與環(huán)境行政許可有關(guān)的行政強(qiáng)制制度不完善；等等。為此，在本章中，筆者首先從立法上梳理了我國環(huán)境行政許可矯正機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀，然后從相對人違反環(huán)境行政許可制度的矯正機(jī)制、行政主體不正確履行環(huán)境行政許可職責(zé)的矯正機(jī)制兩個層面，剖析了我國環(huán)境行政許可矯正機(jī)制存在的問題，進(jìn)而提出了制度改進(jìn)的相關(guān)建議。在本章中，筆者結(jié)合新近出臺的《行政強(qiáng)制法》，就完善與環(huán)境行政許可有關(guān)的行政強(qiáng)制制度問題作了相應(yīng)的研究。
[Abstract]:From the environmental legislation of all countries in the world, the license system is a "pillar" legal system to prevent environmental risks. As this system facilitates the development and construction activities that affect the environment, pollutant discharge is incorporated into the track of the national unified management, and the government is strictly limited in the scope of the state to enable the government to carry out the environment effectively. Therefore, management has been widely applied in modern environmental law.
At present, there are two obvious deficiencies in the study of environmental administrative license in China's academic circles. One is that many scholars tend to study environmental administrative licensing from the theory, principle and system of administrative law, and ignore the theory, principle and system of environmental law. This situation makes people mistakenly think that environmental administrative permission belongs to the administration. The research field of law is not the research field of environmental law; the two is to study the environmental administrative license, such as the examination and approval of the EIA, the license of pollutant discharge, the license of greenhouse gas emission and so on, and the overall study of the environmental administrative licensing system is relatively weak, thus it is difficult to reflect the whole appearance and existence of the environmental administrative licensing system in our country. All sorts of malpractices.
In view of the above situation, from the angle of the interdisciplinary of environmental law and administrative law (and mainly from the perspective of environmental law), this paper makes a comprehensive study of the environmental administrative licensing system in China. The purpose of this article is to take the basic theory of environmental administrative license as the guide, from the project setting, operation system and correction of environmental administrative license. The mechanism of the three aspects of the systematic analysis of the shortcomings of the environmental administrative licensing system in China, and then put forward specific suggestions for the improvement of the system. That is to say, on the path of research, this article is directed by improving the environmental administrative licensing system in China. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into the following four chapters:
The first chapter is the basic theory of environmental administrative license. In this chapter, the author expounds the basic theory of environmental administrative license from five aspects: (1) combing the current definition of environmental administrative license, analyzing its defects and putting forward the new definition of environmental administrative license; (2) based on "modern environmental law is the pollution control law," The view of the organic integration of the natural protection law and the energy law of the three is divided into eight categories (pollution prevention and control license, natural resource protection license, special regional environmental protection license, animal welfare license, urban and rural landscaping license, material circulation management license, energy permit) In addition, the scope of environmental administrative licensing is clarified further. (3) the four theoretical foundations of environmental administrative licensing (public trust theory, externality theory, environmental property theory, and political theory of interest groups) are summarized. The three functions of environmental administrative licensing (controlling environmental risks, configuring environmental resources, providing proof of environmental credibility) and five characteristics (risk character, scientific and technological background, balance of interests, intergenerational balance, International Association) are analyzed. (4) according to the understanding of the principles of environmental law in the international community, and the practice of the EU and the United States, and other advanced countries The construction of environmental administrative licensing system must follow the eight principles of environmental law (precautionary principle, prudent principle, scientific and technological promotion principle, rational exploitation and utilization principle, polluter burden principle, public participation principle, cooperative cooperation principle, national environmental resources sovereignty and non damage to foreign environment principle), and expounds the eight principles to environmental administration. The basic requirements for the construction of licensing system; (5) analyze the three negative effects of environmental administrative license in real life (interference market mechanism, increase administrative cost and induce administrative corruption), and then point out that the legislator should adhere to the principle of market mechanism priority on the issue of "what to set environmental administrative license", that is, only It is possible to consider setting environmental administrative licensing items when the tools of tax, subsidy, mortgage, environmental standards, environmental information, environmental administrative contracts, self-discipline of the industry organization, post supervision and so on are unable to achieve the purpose of environmental protection, or when these tools are used against social fairness.
The second chapter: the project setting of environmental administrative license. China's environmental administrative licensing system is first represented by a large number of environmental administrative licensing projects. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the project setting of environmental administrative licensing first. In our country, specific environmental administration permits. As a single country, the central legislation has a great binding force and demonstration effect on local legislation, and the environmental problems reflect the relationship between human and nature, which usually does not take human territory as boundary, so the environmental administrative licensing projects in our country are mainly from the state. As stipulated in the central legislation, the administrative licensing law stipulates that only laws, administrative regulations and the decision of the State Council can set administrative licensing items at the level of the central legislation, and the department regulations of the State Council and other normative documents shall not be set. Based on this, the author has spent nearly half a year to clean up the current effective laws and administration in our country. The regulations and all environmental administrative licensing items decided by the State Council (clean work strictly follows the definition and classification of environmental administrative license in the first chapter), and lists the environmental administrative licensing items (511 items) in the form of tabular form in the appendix of this article. On this basis, the author first describes in this chapter The basic situation of the environmental administrative licensing project set by China's central legislation is given. Then, according to the basic theory of environmental administrative license, the five major problems in the setting of environmental administrative licensing items in our country are analyzed (the abuse of environmental administrative licensing items, the unclear elements of environmental administrative license items, and the complex environmental administrative licensing system). The setting of environmental administrative licensing projects is lagging behind, the environmental administrative licensing projects are conflicting with each other or the relationship is not clear, and the relevant legislative proposals for improving the setting of environmental administrative licensing projects are proposed.
The third chapter is the operation system of environmental administrative license. In general, the operation process of an environmental administrative license can be divided into two stages: first, the implementation of the environmental administrative license, including the application, acceptance, examination and decision of the license, and the two is the transfer of the environmental administrative license (the essence is the transfer of rights on the environmental license, of course, Not all environmental administrative permits can be transferred. The theory of administrative law holds that the "permission for things" can be transferred, while the "permission for people" can not be transferred. In practice, there are four legal problems in the operation of environmental administrative license. (1) the issue of discretion in the implementation of environmental administrative licensing. The problem is usually regional and spatial, and the environmental administrative license has the characteristic of benefit balance, and it is frequently made in the unknown science and technology. Therefore, in the implementation of the environmental administrative license, the legislators often give the licensing authority a wide discretion to realize the environmental regulation. Although the discretion helps to improve the environment management. The efficiency of the system and the promotion of environmental control innovation, but also easy to be abused to destroy the environmental justice, especially the environmental administrative license has obvious risk character. Once the decision is wrong, it often causes the ecological disaster. Therefore, how to restrain and control the abuse of environmental administrative license is the key problem in the implementation of environmental administrative license. An important topic in modern environmental law. (2) public participation in the implementation of environmental administrative licensing. Although environmental administrative licensing has strong scientific and technological background, it is considered to be suitable for expert politics by some critics, but environmental administrative licensing also often involves the conflict of breadth of interest, which must be reconciled by the public participation procedure in nature. In order to enhance the legitimacy of the decision-making, the public participation in environmental administrative licensing is mainly limited to the public participation in the examination and approval of environmental assessment. Although the public participation in the review and approval of environmental assessment is the most complex and important in all environmental administrative licensing projects, there are numerous environmental administrative licensing projects and environmental administrative licensing items. Therefore, it is necessary to make a holistic study on public participation in environmental administrative licensing, and to find out the universal problems existing in the public participation system of environmental administrative licensing in China, and to find an effective way to promote environmental administrative licensing in an all-round way. Participation. (3) the problem of expedited procedures in the implementation of environmental administrative licensing. Licensing expedited procedures is an important procedure in the implementation of administrative licensing. The purpose is to improve administrative efficiency. As far as environmental administrative licensing is concerned, at present, many local governments are mainly based on the "unified management system" stipulated in the administrative licensing law (i.e., "one host," Relevant, parallel examination and approval, time limit completion "), the implementation of a large number of environmental administrative licensing projects in the development and construction field. In practice, this examination and approval model not only does not achieve the purpose of improving the efficiency of examination and approval, but is not conducive to the correct implementation of environmental administrative license, and constitutes a serious threat to the ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from this. The experience of advanced countries explores a new licensing expedited procedure suitable for the field of development and construction to achieve an organic balance between ecological interests and the efficiency of approval. (4) administrative intervention in the transfer of environmental administrative licensing. The aim of the legislator to establish a system of environmental administrative license transfer is to use the market mechanism to promote the advantages of environmental resources. In order to achieve the goal of environmental protection at low cost, the transfer of environmental administrative license is essentially a kind of private law relationship. However, the market is not omnipotent, and in some cases the market may be "malfunction", and the state's moderate intervention is needed. Administrative intervention is one of the most important aspects. However, when administrative intervention measures are taken When the necessary limit is used, it will not only disturb the market transaction mechanism, but also may appear the problems of rent-seeking power, the increase of transaction cost and low efficiency. China is a country with strong administrative power. In the present system of administrative licensing transfer, there are a lot of improper administrative intervention measures, which need to be improved from legislation. This paper analyzes the problems existing in the operation system of environmental administrative licensing in China from the above four aspects, and puts forward some concrete suggestions for the improvement of the system.
The fourth chapter: the correction mechanism of environmental administrative license. The correction mechanism of the so-called environmental administrative license refers to the legal mechanism that rectifies the actions of the administrative relative and the administrative subject in violation of the environmental administrative licensing system. It is difficult to realize the function of environmental administrative license. In recent years, a large number of environmental legislation has been carried out in China, and a large number of environmental administrative licensing projects have been set up, but many areas still can not go out of the "more pollution and more pollution" circle. One of the most important reasons is that the system of corrective machines is not in place and the system of environmental administrative licensing is not correct. On the structure, the correction mechanism of environmental administrative license is divided into two parts: the follow-up supervision mechanism and the legal responsibility mechanism of environmental administrative license. The purpose of the follow-up supervision mechanism is to find out the illegal behavior in the field of environmental administrative license; the purpose of the legal responsibility mechanism is to correct the illegal behavior and punish the offenders. The follow-up supervision mechanism or legal responsibility mechanism involves two kinds of subjects: the administrative relative and the administrative body (including the administrative and administrative personnel). In practice, there are many problems in the environmental administrative licensing correction mechanism in our country: the legal liability of the indirect infringement of environmental administrative license is not clear; the environmental information of the licensee is open. There is a lack of service; the administrative penalties for environment are weak; the discretion of the supervisory organs is too broad; "the deadline is to be replaced."
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D922.1;D922.6

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