公民環(huán)境責(zé)任及其法律化研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-31 05:23
【摘要】：隨著20世紀(jì)震驚世界的“八大公害事件”以及越來越嚴(yán)重的酸雨、臭氧層破壞等全球性環(huán)境問題的出現(xiàn),我們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到自然環(huán)境的重要性,更進(jìn)一步意識到人類環(huán)境共同體的意義。為了在滿足日益增長的物質(zhì)需求的同時維持人與自然的和諧發(fā)展,我們提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的理念,可持續(xù)發(fā)展以保護(hù)自然環(huán)境為基礎(chǔ),講求發(fā)展與資源環(huán)境的承載能力相協(xié)調(diào),即要求發(fā)展的同時注意保護(hù)環(huán)境,包括控制環(huán)境污染,改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量,保護(hù)環(huán)境支持系統(tǒng),保護(hù)生物多樣性,保持地球生態(tài)的完整性等。由此可以看出,可持續(xù)發(fā)展要求人類在發(fā)展的同時積極承擔(dān)保護(hù)環(huán)境的責(zé)任。環(huán)境責(zé)任不僅是保護(hù)環(huán)境的基本手段,更是實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基本要求。 早在1972年的《人類環(huán)境宣言》就規(guī)定了人類負(fù)有保護(hù)和改善當(dāng)代及后代賴以生存和發(fā)展的環(huán)境的責(zé)任,此責(zé)任任重而道遠(yuǎn)。就目前狀況來看,環(huán)境責(zé)任的具體落實效果并不好,全球環(huán)境問題也一日嚴(yán)重,筆者認(rèn)為,造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因除了客觀現(xiàn)實條件的限制外,環(huán)境責(zé)任系統(tǒng)性研究的缺乏也是其中的一個重要原因。作為人類環(huán)境共同體客觀要求的環(huán)境責(zé)任是任何共同體成員都要承擔(dān)的責(zé)任,其主體具有廣泛性的特征。公民作為社會以及人類環(huán)境共同體中最為普遍的基本組成成員,其環(huán)境責(zé)任的落實對可持續(xù)發(fā)展的具體實施起到基礎(chǔ)性的促進(jìn)作用。 對公民環(huán)境責(zé)任的研究,首先要對公民承擔(dān)環(huán)境責(zé)任的背景及其理論基礎(chǔ)有個明確的把握。從根本上說,公民的環(huán)境責(zé)任作為公民責(zé)任的組成部分,來自于公民身份內(nèi)涵的發(fā)展,是人的主體性要求的體現(xiàn),是人類對自然環(huán)境價值的重新審視并予以尊重的表現(xiàn);從其存在的必要性和實施的可行性來看,公民的環(huán)境責(zé)任不僅是人類環(huán)境共同體的客觀要求,同時有著相比其他環(huán)境主體環(huán)境責(zé)任的優(yōu)勢;從內(nèi)涵上看,公民的環(huán)境責(zé)任要符合環(huán)境保護(hù)中“預(yù)防為主、防治結(jié)合”基本原則的要求,又要有與時俱進(jìn)的特點(diǎn)。因此,公民環(huán)境責(zé)任不僅是事后責(zé)任,更是一種事前責(zé)任。 公民的環(huán)境責(zé)任首先是一種道德責(zé)任,而這種道德責(zé)任實施需要較高環(huán)境責(zé)任意識的支配,而緩慢的責(zé)任意識提高過程不能滿足日益迫切的環(huán)境保護(hù)需求,因此,我們提出了公民環(huán)境責(zé)任的法律化,即公民的環(huán)境法律責(zé)任。當(dāng)前,學(xué)界多從狹義的角度對環(huán)境法律責(zé)任進(jìn)行定義,認(rèn)為其是一種否定性的法律責(zé)任,這一定義隨著環(huán)境問題的日益復(fù)雜已逐漸顯露出其在環(huán)境保護(hù)中的缺憾。筆者認(rèn)為,環(huán)境法律責(zé)任是相比環(huán)境法律權(quán)利與環(huán)境法律義務(wù)更為基礎(chǔ)的范疇,因而,公民的環(huán)境法律責(zé)任應(yīng)從廣義上定義為肯定性的、義務(wù)性的以及否定性的環(huán)境責(zé)任。公民的環(huán)境法律責(zé)任不僅能夠彌補(bǔ)公民環(huán)境道德責(zé)任的不足,同時能夠起到完善環(huán)境法律體系的積極作用。因此,當(dāng)務(wù)之急就是對公民環(huán)境法律責(zé)任的完善,此過程的完成不僅需要環(huán)境法律權(quán)利、環(huán)境法律義務(wù)在理論層面上的支持,還要有相應(yīng)的具體法律制度予以保障實現(xiàn)。另外,公民環(huán)境法律責(zé)任的完善推動了整個環(huán)境法律體系的發(fā)展,這種發(fā)展不僅體現(xiàn)在環(huán)境法的立法理念、立法目的以及基本原則上,還表現(xiàn)在具體的法律責(zé)任制度上。
[Abstract]:With the emergence of global environmental problems, such as the "eight major hazards" in the world, as well as the increasingly severe acid rain, and the destruction of the ozone layer, we have realized the importance of the natural environment and further realize the significance of the human environment community. In order to meet the material needs of the growth of the day, we should maintain the human and self. With the harmonious development, we put forward the concept of sustainable development. The sustainable development is based on the protection of the natural environment, and the development is coordinated with the carrying capacity of the resources and environment, that is, to protect the environment while the development is required, including the control of environmental pollution, the improvement of the environmental quality, the protection of the environmental support system, the protection of biodiversity, and the preservation of the biodiversity. The integrity of the earth's ecology, and so on. Thus, it can be seen that the sustainable development requires the human beings to undertake the responsibility of protecting the environment while developing. Environmental responsibility is not only the basic means of protecting the environment, but also the basic requirement for the realization of the sustainable development.
As early as the declaration of the human environment in 1972, the responsibility for the protection and improvement of the environment for the survival and development of contemporary and future generations was laid down. In the present situation, the specific implementation of environmental responsibility was not good and the global environmental problem was serious. The lack of systematic research on environmental responsibility is one of the important reasons for the lack of systematic research on environmental responsibility. Environmental responsibility, as an objective requirement of the human environment community, is the responsibility of any community member. Its main body is characterized by extensive characteristics. Citizens are the most common in the community as well as in the human environment community. The implementation of its environmental responsibility plays a fundamental role in promoting the concrete implementation of sustainable development.
In the study of civic responsibility, we must have a clear grasp of the background and theoretical basis of civic responsibility. Fundamentally, the environmental responsibility of citizens, as part of the civic responsibility, comes from the development of the connotation of citizenship, the embodiment of the requirement of human subjectivity and the re value of human nature to the natural environment. In view of the necessity and feasibility of its existence, the environmental responsibility of the citizen is not only the objective requirement of the human environment community, but also the advantages of the environmental responsibility of other environmental subjects. From the connotation, the environmental responsibility of the citizens should be consistent with the prevention and the combination of prevention and control in the environment protection. "The basic principle requires that we should keep pace with the times. Therefore, citizen's environmental responsibility is not only a post-mortem responsibility, but also a pre-mortem responsibility.
The environmental responsibility of citizens is a moral responsibility first, and the implementation of this kind of moral responsibility needs a high sense of environmental responsibility, and the slow process of increasing the sense of responsibility can not meet the increasingly urgent needs of environmental protection. Therefore, we have put forward the legal responsibility of citizens' environmental responsibility, that is, the legal responsibility of citizens. The definition of environmental legal responsibility in the narrow sense is considered as a negative legal responsibility. With the increasing complexity of environmental problems, this definition has gradually revealed its shortcomings in environmental protection. The legal responsibility of citizens should be defined as affirmative, compulsory and negative environmental responsibility in a broad sense. The environmental legal responsibility of citizens can not only make up for the shortage of citizens' environmental moral responsibility, but also play an active role in improving the environmental legal system. Therefore, the urgent task is to be responsible for the legal responsibility of the citizens' environment. Perfect, the completion of the process not only requires environmental legal rights, environmental legal obligations in the theoretical level of support, but also the corresponding specific legal system to ensure the realization. In addition, the improvement of the legal responsibility of the civil environment has promoted the development of the whole environmental legal system. This development is not only reflected in the legislative concept of environmental law, but also in legislation. The purpose and basic principles are also reflected in the specific legal liability system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D912.6
本文編號：2154551
[Abstract]:With the emergence of global environmental problems, such as the "eight major hazards" in the world, as well as the increasingly severe acid rain, and the destruction of the ozone layer, we have realized the importance of the natural environment and further realize the significance of the human environment community. In order to meet the material needs of the growth of the day, we should maintain the human and self. With the harmonious development, we put forward the concept of sustainable development. The sustainable development is based on the protection of the natural environment, and the development is coordinated with the carrying capacity of the resources and environment, that is, to protect the environment while the development is required, including the control of environmental pollution, the improvement of the environmental quality, the protection of the environmental support system, the protection of biodiversity, and the preservation of the biodiversity. The integrity of the earth's ecology, and so on. Thus, it can be seen that the sustainable development requires the human beings to undertake the responsibility of protecting the environment while developing. Environmental responsibility is not only the basic means of protecting the environment, but also the basic requirement for the realization of the sustainable development.
As early as the declaration of the human environment in 1972, the responsibility for the protection and improvement of the environment for the survival and development of contemporary and future generations was laid down. In the present situation, the specific implementation of environmental responsibility was not good and the global environmental problem was serious. The lack of systematic research on environmental responsibility is one of the important reasons for the lack of systematic research on environmental responsibility. Environmental responsibility, as an objective requirement of the human environment community, is the responsibility of any community member. Its main body is characterized by extensive characteristics. Citizens are the most common in the community as well as in the human environment community. The implementation of its environmental responsibility plays a fundamental role in promoting the concrete implementation of sustainable development.
In the study of civic responsibility, we must have a clear grasp of the background and theoretical basis of civic responsibility. Fundamentally, the environmental responsibility of citizens, as part of the civic responsibility, comes from the development of the connotation of citizenship, the embodiment of the requirement of human subjectivity and the re value of human nature to the natural environment. In view of the necessity and feasibility of its existence, the environmental responsibility of the citizen is not only the objective requirement of the human environment community, but also the advantages of the environmental responsibility of other environmental subjects. From the connotation, the environmental responsibility of the citizens should be consistent with the prevention and the combination of prevention and control in the environment protection. "The basic principle requires that we should keep pace with the times. Therefore, citizen's environmental responsibility is not only a post-mortem responsibility, but also a pre-mortem responsibility.
The environmental responsibility of citizens is a moral responsibility first, and the implementation of this kind of moral responsibility needs a high sense of environmental responsibility, and the slow process of increasing the sense of responsibility can not meet the increasingly urgent needs of environmental protection. Therefore, we have put forward the legal responsibility of citizens' environmental responsibility, that is, the legal responsibility of citizens. The definition of environmental legal responsibility in the narrow sense is considered as a negative legal responsibility. With the increasing complexity of environmental problems, this definition has gradually revealed its shortcomings in environmental protection. The legal responsibility of citizens should be defined as affirmative, compulsory and negative environmental responsibility in a broad sense. The environmental legal responsibility of citizens can not only make up for the shortage of citizens' environmental moral responsibility, but also play an active role in improving the environmental legal system. Therefore, the urgent task is to be responsible for the legal responsibility of the citizens' environment. Perfect, the completion of the process not only requires environmental legal rights, environmental legal obligations in the theoretical level of support, but also the corresponding specific legal system to ensure the realization. In addition, the improvement of the legal responsibility of the civil environment has promoted the development of the whole environmental legal system. This development is not only reflected in the legislative concept of environmental law, but also in legislation. The purpose and basic principles are also reflected in the specific legal liability system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D912.6
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