環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-28 19:20
【摘要】： 我國的環(huán)境污染問題日益嚴(yán)重,由此引發(fā)的環(huán)境污染損害賠償糾紛也與日俱增,但由于我國環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法還不健全,導(dǎo)致糾紛不能得到及時(shí)合理地解決,影響公民合法權(quán)益維護(hù),也影響了社會(huì)安定。建立和諧社會(huì)的要求迫使我們必須完善環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法。 環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法有其堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)和現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。新的環(huán)境權(quán)理論突破了傳統(tǒng)民法、民事訴訟法的束縛,為環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法提供了法理基礎(chǔ);整體主義的環(huán)境倫理價(jià)值觀為環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法提供了環(huán)境倫理學(xué)基礎(chǔ);社會(huì)沖突理論、社會(huì)控制理論為環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法提供了法社會(huì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ);成本與收益理論為環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法提供了法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。我國公民、法人的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的增強(qiáng),我國的綜合國力的提高為環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法提供了經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ);建立人與人、人與自然和諧相處的社會(huì)的要求為環(huán)境污染損害賠償立法提供了政治基礎(chǔ)。 環(huán)境污染損害賠償?shù)牧⒎☉?yīng)以可持續(xù)發(fā)展和建立和諧社會(huì)為依歸,其目的是為了及時(shí)、正確地解決環(huán)境民事糾紛,保護(hù)、改善環(huán)境、維護(hù)生態(tài)平衡,保護(hù)人民群眾的人身權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、環(huán)境權(quán)益,促進(jìn)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)的和諧與可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 國外越來越多的國家開始就環(huán)境污染損害賠償問題進(jìn)行專門立法,其典型代表為瑞典的《環(huán)境損害賠償法》,德國的《環(huán)境責(zé)任法》和美國的《綜合環(huán)境反應(yīng)、賠償和責(zé)任法》,日本的《公害糾紛處理法》。我國在環(huán)境損害賠償立法方面起步晚,但環(huán)境糾紛的高發(fā)與處理的困難使得我國必須把制定一部專門的環(huán)境污染損害賠償法列入國家法制建設(shè)的議事日程。 在環(huán)境損害賠償立法的內(nèi)容方面,應(yīng)當(dāng)解決環(huán)境圍繞損害賠償?shù)臍w責(zé)原則、因果關(guān)系認(rèn)定的方式、訴訟時(shí)效、承擔(dān)責(zé)任的方式等關(guān)鍵性問題。在歸責(zé)原則方面,我國應(yīng)采用單一的無過錯(cuò)責(zé)任原則。在確定排污與環(huán)境污染損害之間的因果關(guān)系方面,應(yīng)采用相當(dāng)因果關(guān)系理論,將因果關(guān)系分為責(zé)任成立的因果關(guān)系和責(zé)任范圍的因果關(guān)系,僅對(duì)責(zé)任成立的因果關(guān)系適用因果關(guān)系推定,同時(shí)可以根據(jù)不同情況,采用間接反證法、事實(shí)自證法、疫學(xué)因果關(guān)系法認(rèn)定因果關(guān)系。對(duì)于明知自己的排污行為可能導(dǎo)致環(huán)境污染并造成他人的財(cái)產(chǎn)和人身損害的結(jié)果,仍實(shí)施該行為的污染者,或者對(duì)于其排污行為能夠造成環(huán)境污染損害后果的高度危險(xiǎn)性具有主觀上的認(rèn)知,仍然放任自己的行為的污染者適用懲罰性賠償。環(huán)境污染損害賠償?shù)钠胀ㄔV訟時(shí)效為3年,應(yīng)當(dāng)自權(quán)利人能夠行使請(qǐng)求權(quán)時(shí)起計(jì)算,而不是自權(quán)利人知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道時(shí)起算,最長(zhǎng)訴訟時(shí)效為30年,自侵權(quán)行為實(shí)施時(shí)或者引起損害的事件發(fā)生時(shí)起算,而不是自權(quán)利人的權(quán)利受侵害時(shí)起算。 為了確保環(huán)境損害賠償能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn),在環(huán)境損害賠償法中應(yīng)當(dāng)規(guī)定賠償社會(huì)化的途徑和方法,主要包括環(huán)境責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境賠償責(zé)任基金。責(zé)任基金有兩種,一種是由排污者提供資金并由其為主體組成的民間基金,一種是由政府以征收環(huán)境費(fèi)(包括排污費(fèi)、自然資源補(bǔ)償費(fèi)等)、環(huán)境稅等特別的費(fèi)稅作為籌資方式而設(shè)立的損害(行政)補(bǔ)償基金。兩種基金的適用的有順序是:如果符合適用民間基金的條件,首先適用民間基金,只有在不符合適用民間基金的條件的情況下,才適用行政補(bǔ)償基金。對(duì)于不能獲得基金條件的受害人,應(yīng)由國家用財(cái)政承擔(dān)最終的補(bǔ)償責(zé)任。 為了有利于環(huán)境損害賠償立法的實(shí)施,應(yīng)當(dāng)建立環(huán)境公益訴訟制度,規(guī)定公民、社會(huì)團(tuán)體、檢察機(jī)關(guān)、行政機(jī)關(guān)等可以作為原告為保護(hù)環(huán)境公共利益提起訴訟。為了有利于環(huán)境訴訟和環(huán)境污染損害賠償,應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)置獨(dú)立的環(huán)境糾紛處理的專門機(jī)構(gòu),加強(qiáng)行政裁決的作用,賦予行政裁決以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力。 環(huán)境污染損害賠償法應(yīng)當(dāng)是環(huán)境保護(hù)法的下位法,是一部集實(shí)體法和程序法于一體的單行法。其主要內(nèi)容框架應(yīng)包括環(huán)境污染損害賠償?shù)姆秶�、賠償責(zé)任的條件、賠償責(zé)任與其他民事責(zé)任方式、行政罰款、刑事罰金的關(guān)系、訴訟時(shí)效等實(shí)體性問題,同時(shí)還規(guī)定因果關(guān)系推定、舉證責(zé)任倒置、公益訴訟、行政處理等程序性問題。
[Abstract]:The environmental pollution problems in our country are becoming more and more serious, and the compensation disputes of environmental pollution damage are increasing. However, because the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage in China is not perfect, the disputes can not be solved in a timely and reasonable way, the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens and the stability of the society are also affected. We must improve the legislation for compensation for environmental pollution damage.
The legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage has its solid theoretical basis and realistic basis. The new theory of environmental rights breaks through the traditional civil law and the bondage of civil procedure law. It provides a legal basis for the legislation of environmental pollution damage compensation legislation; the entirety environmental ethics values provide the basis of environmental ethics for the legislation of environmental pollution damage compensation. The theory of social control provides the basis of legal sociology for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage, and the theory of cost and income provides the basis of law and economics for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage. The enhancement of the economic strength of our citizens and legal persons and the improvement of the comprehensive national strength of our country provide the economy for the legislation of the compensation for environmental pollution damage. Foundation; the requirement of establishing a harmonious society between man and man and man and nature provides a political basis for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage.
The legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage should be based on the sustainable development and the establishment of a harmonious society. The aim is to solve civil disputes in the environment, protect, improve the environment, protect the ecological balance, protect the people's personal rights, property rights and environmental rights and promote the harmonious and sustainable development of environment, economy and society.
More and more countries have begun to make special legislation on the compensation for environmental pollution damage in more and more countries. The typical representative is Sweden's environmental damage compensation law, the environmental liability law of Germany and the United States' comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability law, and the law of dealing with public hazards in Japan, but China started late in the legislation of environmental damage compensation. The high incidence of environmental disputes and difficulties in handling our country must make a special law on compensation for environmental pollution damage to be included in the agenda of national legal system construction.
In the content of environmental damage compensation legislation, we should solve the key problems of the environment surrounding the liability principle of damage compensation, the way of determining the causation, the limitation of action, the way of taking responsibility, etc. in the principle of imputation, we should adopt a single principle of no fault liability in determining the causation between pollution pollution and environmental pollution damage. On the other hand, the theory of causality should be adopted to divide causality into causality and causal relationship between responsibility and responsibility. It is applicable only to causal relationship between causality and causality established by responsibility. At the same time, indirect anti evidence, factual self proof, and epidemic causality can be used to identify causality according to different circumstances. Knowing that the conduct of a pollutant discharge may lead to environmental pollution and the result of the property and personal damage of others, the polluters who still carry out the act, or have a subjective perception of the high risk of causing pollution damage to the environment, and still apply punitive damages to the polluters of their own behavior. The limitation of general litigation for compensation for damage to environmental pollution shall be 3 years. It should be calculated from the time when the right holder can exercise the claim, rather than when the right holder knows or should know it, and the maximum limitation of action is 30 years, from the time of enforcement of the tort or the occurrence of an event that caused the damage, not from the infringement of the rights of the right person.
In order to ensure that the compensation for environmental damage can be realized, the ways and methods for the socialization of compensation should be stipulated in the environmental damage compensation law, mainly including the environmental liability insurance and the environmental compensation liability fund. There are two kinds of liability funds, one is the private fund which is provided by the polluters and consists of their main body, one is the government by the levy ring. The application of the two funds is in the order that the civil fund is first applied if it is in conformity with the conditions applicable to the civil fund, only if it does not meet the conditions applicable to the civil fund. The administrative compensation fund shall be applied to the victims who are unable to obtain the fund conditions, and the State shall bear the final compensation liability with the finance.
In order to facilitate the implementation of the legislation for compensation for environmental damage, an environmental public interest litigation system should be established, which stipulates that citizens, social organizations, procuratorial organs, and administrative organs may act as plaintiffs to protect the public interests of the environment. In order to benefit environmental litigation and environmental pollution damage compensation, an independent environmental dispute treatment should be set up. The door organization strengthens the function of administrative adjudication and endows administrative adjudication with enforcement power.
The law of compensation for environmental pollution damage should be the lower law of environmental protection law and a single line method which integrates substantive law and procedural law. Its main content framework should include the scope of compensation for environmental pollution damage, the conditions of compensation liability, the relationship between the liability and other civil liability, the relationship between the administrative fine, the criminal fine, the limitation of action and so on. At the same time, it also stipulates procedural problems such as presumption of causation, inversion of burden of proof, public interest litigation and administrative handling.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：D922.68
本文編號(hào)：2151326
[Abstract]:The environmental pollution problems in our country are becoming more and more serious, and the compensation disputes of environmental pollution damage are increasing. However, because the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage in China is not perfect, the disputes can not be solved in a timely and reasonable way, the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens and the stability of the society are also affected. We must improve the legislation for compensation for environmental pollution damage.
The legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage has its solid theoretical basis and realistic basis. The new theory of environmental rights breaks through the traditional civil law and the bondage of civil procedure law. It provides a legal basis for the legislation of environmental pollution damage compensation legislation; the entirety environmental ethics values provide the basis of environmental ethics for the legislation of environmental pollution damage compensation. The theory of social control provides the basis of legal sociology for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage, and the theory of cost and income provides the basis of law and economics for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage. The enhancement of the economic strength of our citizens and legal persons and the improvement of the comprehensive national strength of our country provide the economy for the legislation of the compensation for environmental pollution damage. Foundation; the requirement of establishing a harmonious society between man and man and man and nature provides a political basis for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage.
The legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage should be based on the sustainable development and the establishment of a harmonious society. The aim is to solve civil disputes in the environment, protect, improve the environment, protect the ecological balance, protect the people's personal rights, property rights and environmental rights and promote the harmonious and sustainable development of environment, economy and society.
More and more countries have begun to make special legislation on the compensation for environmental pollution damage in more and more countries. The typical representative is Sweden's environmental damage compensation law, the environmental liability law of Germany and the United States' comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability law, and the law of dealing with public hazards in Japan, but China started late in the legislation of environmental damage compensation. The high incidence of environmental disputes and difficulties in handling our country must make a special law on compensation for environmental pollution damage to be included in the agenda of national legal system construction.
In the content of environmental damage compensation legislation, we should solve the key problems of the environment surrounding the liability principle of damage compensation, the way of determining the causation, the limitation of action, the way of taking responsibility, etc. in the principle of imputation, we should adopt a single principle of no fault liability in determining the causation between pollution pollution and environmental pollution damage. On the other hand, the theory of causality should be adopted to divide causality into causality and causal relationship between responsibility and responsibility. It is applicable only to causal relationship between causality and causality established by responsibility. At the same time, indirect anti evidence, factual self proof, and epidemic causality can be used to identify causality according to different circumstances. Knowing that the conduct of a pollutant discharge may lead to environmental pollution and the result of the property and personal damage of others, the polluters who still carry out the act, or have a subjective perception of the high risk of causing pollution damage to the environment, and still apply punitive damages to the polluters of their own behavior. The limitation of general litigation for compensation for damage to environmental pollution shall be 3 years. It should be calculated from the time when the right holder can exercise the claim, rather than when the right holder knows or should know it, and the maximum limitation of action is 30 years, from the time of enforcement of the tort or the occurrence of an event that caused the damage, not from the infringement of the rights of the right person.
In order to ensure that the compensation for environmental damage can be realized, the ways and methods for the socialization of compensation should be stipulated in the environmental damage compensation law, mainly including the environmental liability insurance and the environmental compensation liability fund. There are two kinds of liability funds, one is the private fund which is provided by the polluters and consists of their main body, one is the government by the levy ring. The application of the two funds is in the order that the civil fund is first applied if it is in conformity with the conditions applicable to the civil fund, only if it does not meet the conditions applicable to the civil fund. The administrative compensation fund shall be applied to the victims who are unable to obtain the fund conditions, and the State shall bear the final compensation liability with the finance.
In order to facilitate the implementation of the legislation for compensation for environmental damage, an environmental public interest litigation system should be established, which stipulates that citizens, social organizations, procuratorial organs, and administrative organs may act as plaintiffs to protect the public interests of the environment. In order to benefit environmental litigation and environmental pollution damage compensation, an independent environmental dispute treatment should be set up. The door organization strengthens the function of administrative adjudication and endows administrative adjudication with enforcement power.
The law of compensation for environmental pollution damage should be the lower law of environmental protection law and a single line method which integrates substantive law and procedural law. Its main content framework should include the scope of compensation for environmental pollution damage, the conditions of compensation liability, the relationship between the liability and other civil liability, the relationship between the administrative fine, the criminal fine, the limitation of action and so on. At the same time, it also stipulates procedural problems such as presumption of causation, inversion of burden of proof, public interest litigation and administrative handling.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：D922.68
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條
1 范愉;淺談當(dāng)代“非訴訟糾紛解決”的發(fā)展及其趨勢(shì)[J];比較法研究;2003年04期
2 王利明;美國懲罰性賠償制度研究[J];比較法研究;2003年05期
3 張旭東;;環(huán)境民事公益訴訟法律制度研究[J];北京郵電大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2007年01期
4 李玉平,羅麗;環(huán)境侵權(quán)民事責(zé)任歸責(zé)原則研究——以中日法的比較為中心[J];北京理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2004年05期
5 宋宗宇,顏可;論環(huán)境侵權(quán)損害賠償責(zé)任的社會(huì)化[J];重慶工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2005年01期
6 王明遠(yuǎn);略論環(huán)境侵權(quán)救濟(jì)法律制度的基本內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)——從環(huán)境權(quán)的視角分析[J];重慶環(huán)境科學(xué);2001年02期
7 谷曉玲;謝朝宏;;淺論環(huán)境民事公益訴訟的模式選擇[J];當(dāng)代經(jīng)理人;2006年09期
8 竺效;論部門法之法律目的[J];中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2002年04期
9 高利紅;環(huán)境資源法的價(jià)值理念和立法目的[J];中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2005年03期
10 別濤;;中國環(huán)境公益訴訟的立法建議[J];中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2006年06期
相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 李冬梅;美國《綜合環(huán)境反應(yīng)、賠償和責(zé)任法》上的環(huán)境民事責(zé)任研究[D];吉林大學(xué);2008年
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條
1 張雷;國內(nèi)外環(huán)境責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)比較研究[D];中國海洋大學(xué);2005年
2 黃波;論我國環(huán)境糾紛的行政處理[D];河海大學(xué);2006年
3 楊薇;論環(huán)境責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度[D];湖南師范大學(xué);2007年
，本文編號(hào)：2151326
本文鏈接：http://sikaile.net/falvlunwen/huanjingziyuanfa/2151326.html
最近更新
教材專著
