發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-30 16:44

  本文選題：黃河流域 + 水資源�。� 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：21世紀(jì)人類面臨環(huán)境、資源與人口三大問題的挑戰(zhàn)，而“水問題”則處其中最為嚴(yán)峻的位置。黃河作為我國第二大河，流域大部分地處干旱半干旱地區(qū)，水資源緊缺狀況嚴(yán)重，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的快速發(fā)展，用水矛盾進(jìn)一步凸現(xiàn)，對水質(zhì)、水量、水環(huán)境等領(lǐng)域提出了越來越高的要求。如何促進(jìn)黃河流域水資源可持續(xù)發(fā)展與和諧利用，如何健全行政和法律體系建設(shè)，實(shí)現(xiàn)水資源的高效管理，是當(dāng)前迫切需要解決的問題。 本文運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)、環(huán)境學(xué)和法學(xué)基本理論，以水資源可持續(xù)利用為目標(biāo)，以經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展與環(huán)境生態(tài)建設(shè)相統(tǒng)一的思想，解析黃河流域水資源行政管理與法律管理。主要研究內(nèi)容包括黃河流域水資源管理體制問題、水權(quán)問題、水價(jià)問題、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償問題與法律管理問題，主要結(jié)論如下： （1）黃河流域管理機(jī)構(gòu)地位權(quán)限不明，管理體系成多龍治水局面，管理方式簡單粗放，節(jié)水機(jī)制不明，配套法規(guī)不健全。流域管理中，立法是基礎(chǔ)，機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置是保證，合理規(guī)劃是前提，經(jīng)濟(jì)與科技手段是支撐，利益方參與是要求。黃河流域應(yīng)以提高水資源承載能力和統(tǒng)一管理為目標(biāo)，建立水資源可持續(xù)利用調(diào)控系統(tǒng)，賦予流域管理機(jī)構(gòu)高度自主權(quán)和行政管理權(quán)，形成流域管理委員會為主體，多部門協(xié)調(diào)配合的綜合管理體制。 （2）水權(quán)管理是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展與建設(shè)節(jié)水型社會的需要，黃河初始水權(quán)分配不僅要明確到省區(qū)，而且要明確到各用水戶，水權(quán)分配要考慮政府預(yù)留水量，分配方案的執(zhí)行和監(jiān)控要到位。黃河流域水權(quán)置換中，水權(quán)界定要明確，要建立以市場為基礎(chǔ)的運(yùn)作模式，建立第三方補(bǔ)償機(jī)制和協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督管理。 （3）黃河流域水價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏低，水費(fèi)不能全面按時(shí)征收。城市水價(jià)改革中，應(yīng)建立科學(xué)水價(jià)核算體系和完備的水費(fèi)征收機(jī)制。農(nóng)業(yè)水價(jià)改革中，應(yīng)從增加農(nóng)民收入入手，實(shí)行最高限價(jià)下的差別定價(jià)，穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)市場化，規(guī)范農(nóng)村水費(fèi)計(jì)收，積極發(fā)揮用水者協(xié)會作用，探索建立對國有水管工程補(bǔ)貼、群管工程補(bǔ)貼、農(nóng)業(yè)用水戶補(bǔ)貼的“三補(bǔ)貼機(jī)制”。黃河流域水價(jià)改革有必要，但要走出漲價(jià)依賴誤區(qū)，提價(jià)為節(jié)水誤區(qū)和虧損應(yīng)提價(jià)誤區(qū)。 （4）黃河流域生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)闹攸c(diǎn)問題是：確定流域生態(tài)補(bǔ)償領(lǐng)域時(shí)，向國家和省級層面確定的重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)傾斜，加大補(bǔ)償力度；合理確定生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)闹Ц吨黧w與受償主體；建立生態(tài)保護(hù)成本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、發(fā)展機(jī)會成本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和生態(tài)服務(wù)價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)三種補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；保障補(bǔ)償資金足額按時(shí)到位；加強(qiáng)區(qū)域間橫向補(bǔ)償；完善生態(tài)補(bǔ)償資金使用與補(bǔ)償方義務(wù)履行情況的監(jiān)督。 （5）建議制定《黃河法》，明確四大問題：實(shí)行流域管理為主，區(qū)域管理相結(jié)合的綜合管理體制；流域特點(diǎn)和資源狀況不同，水土保持重點(diǎn)不同；水資源市場化，水量與水質(zhì)并重、開發(fā)與節(jié)約并舉；明確侵害法定權(quán)利、不執(zhí)行法定義務(wù)的賠償與懲罰措施。黃河流域執(zhí)法要探索建立權(quán)責(zé)明確、運(yùn)行協(xié)調(diào)、相互配合的執(zhí)法新機(jī)制，加大執(zhí)法裝備投入，提高執(zhí)法人員綜合素質(zhì)和執(zhí)法水平，強(qiáng)化執(zhí)法監(jiān)督。黃河流域管理監(jiān)督方面，要改進(jìn)權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)監(jiān)督，健全行政監(jiān)督，完善司法監(jiān)督，，加強(qiáng)社會監(jiān)督。
[Abstract]:In twenty-first Century, human beings are facing the three major problems of the environment, resources and population, and the "water problem" is the most severe position. The Yellow River, as the second major river in China, is mostly in arid and semi-arid areas. The shortage of water resources is serious. With the rapid development of economy and society, the water contradiction is further highlighted, water quality and water quantity. The water environment and other fields have put forward higher and higher requirements. How to promote the sustainable development and harmonious utilization of water resources in the the Yellow River basin, how to improve the construction of the administrative and legal system and realize the efficient management of water resources is an urgent problem to be solved at present.
This paper uses the basic theories of economics, ecology, environment and law, aims at the sustainable utilization of water resources, and analyzes the administrative and legal management of water resources in the the Yellow River basin by the idea of the unification of the economic and social development and the environmental ecological construction. The main contents include the water resources management system, water rights and water prices in the Yellow River area. The main conclusions of ecological compensation and legal management are as follows:
(1) the authority of the management organization of the the Yellow River river basin is not clear, the management system is a multi dragon water management situation, the management mode is simple and extensive, the water saving mechanism is unknown, the supporting regulations are not sound. In the basin management, the legislation is the foundation, the institution setting is the guarantee, the rational planning is the premise, the economic and technical means are the support, the interest party participation is the requirement. The the Yellow River basin should be put forward. The goal of high water resources carrying capacity and unified management is to establish the control system for sustainable utilization of water resources, endow the river basin management institutions with high autonomy and administrative power, and form a comprehensive management system which is the main body of the river basin management committee and the coordination and coordination of many departments.
(2) water right management is the need of economic and social development and construction of water-saving society. The initial water right distribution in the Yellow River should not only be clear to the provinces and regions, but also to the various water users. The allocation of water rights should consider the government reserve water, the implementation and monitoring of the distribution scheme should be in place. In the water right replacement of the the Yellow River basin, the definition of water rights should be clear and the market should be set up with the market. Based on the operation mode, the third party compensation mechanism and coordination mechanism should be established to strengthen supervision and management.
(3) the water price standard of the the Yellow River river basin is low and the water fee can not be expropriated in a full and timely manner. In the reform of urban water price, the scientific water price accounting system and a complete water fee collection mechanism should be established. In the reform of agricultural water price, we should start with the increase of farmers' income, implement the differential pricing under the maximum price limit, steadily promote the market, standardize the rural water fee collection, and actively hair the income of the rural water fee. It is necessary to establish the "three subsidy mechanism" for the subsidy of the state-owned water pipe project, the subsidy of the engineering project and the subsidies for agricultural water users. However, it is necessary to reform the water price of the the Yellow River River Basin, but we should go out of the misunderstanding of the price rise and raise the misunderstandings of the water saving misunderstandings and losses.
(4) the key problems of ecological compensation in the Yellow River basin are: when determining the area of ecological compensation in the basin, the key ecological functional areas determined at the national and provincial level are inclined, and the compensation is increased, the subject of payment of ecological compensation and the subject of compensation are rationally determined, the cost standard of ecological protection, the development of the opportunity cost standard and the value of the ecological service are established. Standard three kinds of compensation standards; guarantee the full and timely payment of compensation funds; strengthen interregional lateral compensation; improve the supervision of the obligation of the use of ecological compensation funds and compensation parties.
(5) it is suggested that the "the Yellow River law" should be formulated to clarify four major problems: a comprehensive management system based on watershed management and regional management; the characteristics and resources of the basin are different, the water and soil conservation are different, water resources are marketed, water and water are equal, development and economy are equal, and the legal rights are clearly infringed and the legal obligations do not be compensated. And punishment measures. The law enforcement in the the Yellow River basin should explore the establishment of a new law enforcement mechanism with clear power and responsibility, coordination and coordination, increase the input of law enforcement equipment, improve the comprehensive quality and law enforcement level of the law enforcement personnel, and strengthen the supervision of law enforcement. In the field of supervision and supervision of the the Yellow River basin, we should improve the supervision of the authority, improve the administrative supervision, perfect the judicial supervision, strengthen the judicial supervision, and strengthen the supervision of the judicature. Social supervision.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TV213;D922.6

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