本文選題：生態(tài)補償 + 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)　； 參考：《中國海洋大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 隨著我國對于生態(tài)保護工作的不斷重視,生態(tài)補償作為改善生態(tài)環(huán)境的有效措施正在被越來越多地應(yīng)用。很多生態(tài)補償項目的實施確實取得了很好的生態(tài)效果。但與此同時也出現(xiàn)了一些問題。在很多生態(tài)補償項目實施后,伴隨著傳統(tǒng)生活方式的解體,生態(tài)保護地居民的生活水平并沒有得到明顯的提升,反而下降。他們與生態(tài)相關(guān)的利益被損害。生態(tài)補償項目涉及的居民人口數(shù)眾多,這種普遍存在的居民利益受損現(xiàn)象是一個需要嚴肅面對的重要的社會、經(jīng)濟問題。本文將會對于這些問題的原因從習(xí)慣權(quán)利的視角加以探尋和分析。 首先本文會對于生態(tài)補償中存在的作為“目的”的補償和作為“手段”的補償?shù)膬煞N含義的補償進行剖析,對其區(qū)別和聯(lián)系進行討論,指出作為“手段”的補償所要解決的是“人類內(nèi)部的生態(tài)及相關(guān)利益關(guān)系”問題,這個問題恰恰也是法學(xué)本身擅長的研究領(lǐng)域,所以本文的論述更多地著眼于作為“手段”的補償?shù)难芯俊?其次,本文通過論證指出：生態(tài)補償?shù)墓┬璺綄τ谏鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的交易(自由的或者政府主導(dǎo)的)是作為“手段”的補償在處理人類內(nèi)部與生態(tài)相關(guān)利益關(guān)系時最基本的行為模式和手段。并從生態(tài)資源交易的角度來重新定義和分析生態(tài)補償,使得我們可以更清晰地認識生態(tài)補償在實踐層面的運行過程和模式以及認識到行政性生態(tài)補償本身也是政府主導(dǎo)下的一種生態(tài)及其相關(guān)利益的交易。從而幫助我們從新的角度更深入地探尋現(xiàn)有的生態(tài)補償所存在的問題的原因。 最為重要的是,本文從習(xí)慣權(quán)利的視角對于現(xiàn)有的生態(tài)補償理論和實踐進行了批評。這些理論和實踐僅僅關(guān)注法定權(quán)利而忽視習(xí)慣權(quán)利,這是供方居民利益受損、生活水平下降的重要原因。本文將論證生態(tài)補償不僅僅影響和傷害了生態(tài)補償供方居民的法定權(quán)利,而且傷害到了他們的習(xí)慣權(quán)利。并且本文還將在生態(tài)補償?shù)谋尘跋?對于習(xí)慣權(quán)利的種類、特點、重要性、與傳統(tǒng)生活方式的關(guān)系及其損害后果進行了充分的論述。 在此基礎(chǔ)上,本文最后會對于我們國家今后的生態(tài)補償實踐提出一些具體的建議以保護特定居民的習(xí)慣權(quán)利。在行政性生態(tài)補償方面：應(yīng)當在項目之前對于供方居民習(xí)慣權(quán)利進行充分調(diào)查；行政決策應(yīng)當更多地尊重供方居民的交易意愿；增設(shè)生態(tài)補償聽證程序等。以使得行政性生態(tài)補償更全面地考慮生態(tài)補償供方居民的各種利益。另外,我們需要為生態(tài)補償?shù)氖袌龌峁└鄺l件。
[Abstract]:With the development of ecological protection in China, ecological compensation, as an effective measure to improve ecological environment, is being applied more and more. The implementation of many ecological compensation projects has indeed achieved very good ecological effects. But at the same time, there are some problems. After the implementation of many ecological compensation projects, with the disintegration of the traditional way of life, the living standards of the residents in the ecological protection areas have not been significantly improved, but have declined. Their ecological interests are compromised. Ecological compensation project involves a large number of residents, this widespread phenomenon of damage to the interests of residents is an important social and economic problem that needs to be seriously faced. This paper will explore and analyze the causes of these problems from the perspective of customary rights. First of all, this paper will analyze the two meanings of compensation as "ends" and "means" in ecological compensation, and discuss its differences and connections. It is pointed out that compensation as a "means" should solve the problem of "ecology and related interests within human beings", which is precisely the research field of law itself. Therefore, this thesis focuses more on the study of compensation as a means. Secondly, This paper points out that the transaction (free or government-led) of ecosystem services by the supply and demand side of ecological compensation is the most basic in dealing with the relationship between human and ecological related interests as a "means". The behavior pattern and means of And from the perspective of ecological resources trading to redefine and analyze ecological compensation, So that we can more clearly understand the operation process and mode of ecological compensation in practice and realize that administrative ecological compensation itself is also a kind of ecological and related interests transactions under the guidance of the government. It helps us to explore the causes of the existing problems in ecological compensation from a new perspective. Most importantly, this paper criticizes the theory and practice of ecological compensation from the perspective of customary rights. These theories and practices only focus on legal rights and neglect customary rights, which is an important reason for the loss of the interests of the supply-side residents and the decline of living standards. This paper will demonstrate that ecological compensation not only affects and injures the legal rights of the residents of ecological compensation, but also damages their customary rights. Under the background of ecological compensation, this paper also discusses the types, characteristics, importance of customary rights, the relationship between customary rights and traditional ways of life and its harmful consequences. On this basis, this paper will put forward some concrete suggestions for our country's ecological compensation practice in the future in order to protect the customary rights of specific residents. In the aspect of administrative ecological compensation, the customary rights of the supplier residents should be fully investigated before the project; the administrative decision should respect the transaction will of the supply-side residents more; and the hearing procedure of ecological compensation should be added. In order to make the administrative ecological compensation more comprehensive consideration of the benefits of the supplier residents. In addition, we need to provide more conditions for the marketization of ecological compensation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D922.6

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