本文選題：溫室氣體 + 排放權(quán)交易��； 參考：《西南交通大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：工業(yè)革命以降,人類(lèi)活動(dòng)造成溫室氣體排放量不斷增長(zhǎng),全球氣候變暖問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)峻,其引發(fā)的自然生態(tài)、環(huán)境系統(tǒng)發(fā)生一系列改變、惡化,所造成的負(fù)面影響不容小覷。毋庸置疑,氣候變暖問(wèn)題日益成為國(guó)際社會(huì)的關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)。 氣候變化問(wèn)題關(guān)涉人類(lèi)命運(yùn),如何在國(guó)際協(xié)作的框架內(nèi)逐步抵御、解決環(huán)境惡化帶來(lái)的種種問(wèn)題,需要各國(guó)長(zhǎng)期與密切的合作。早在1922年,聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會(huì)就通過(guò)了《聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》,對(duì)溫室氣體排放控制進(jìn)行了“限期”和“限量”的原則性規(guī)定；1997年通過(guò)的《京都議定書(shū)》,首倡溫室氣體排放權(quán)交易制度,為各國(guó)共同協(xié)作、共擔(dān)責(zé)任減少溫室氣體的排放指明了路向。雖然發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家、發(fā)展中國(guó)家在如何分擔(dān)責(zé)任、履行義務(wù)方面基于立場(chǎng)選擇存在著尖銳矛盾,但可以肯定的是,2009年的哥本哈根大會(huì)前后,各主要國(guó)家都宣布了至2020年各自的減排目標(biāo)或行動(dòng)綱要,表現(xiàn)出加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作、共同應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化的強(qiáng)烈政治意愿。 國(guó)際社會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)復(fù)雜、漫長(zhǎng)的努力和談判,達(dá)成了一些多邊法律框架協(xié)議,建立了一些區(qū)域性的溫室氣體排放權(quán)交易市場(chǎng)。其中,歐盟的排放交易市場(chǎng)機(jī)制、美國(guó)的區(qū)域性排放交易市場(chǎng)體系、日本的自愿減排體系、印度的節(jié)能證書(shū)交易計(jì)劃都在一定程度上為其他國(guó)家建立健全排放權(quán)交易體系提供了重要參考。中國(guó)需要對(duì)比域外模式的成熟經(jīng)驗(yàn)和做法,結(jié)合自身情況、總結(jié)國(guó)內(nèi)已有的排放權(quán)交易試點(diǎn)運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù),本著實(shí)事求是、自主創(chuàng)新的原則,兼顧自身作為發(fā)展中國(guó)家、正處于社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型期且社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不平衡、人口眾多等特殊國(guó)情和歷史背景,探索出一套具有中國(guó)特色的、因地制宜的、符合國(guó)家整體和長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益的排放權(quán)交易市場(chǎng)體系。 通過(guò)對(duì)我國(guó)現(xiàn)行排放權(quán)交易運(yùn)行現(xiàn)狀的分析,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)至少存在排放權(quán)交易法律滯后(清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制的推行就與現(xiàn)行《行政許可法》之銜接存在某種沖突)、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與總量控制矛盾突出、排放權(quán)交易市場(chǎng)不規(guī)范等問(wèn)題。而未來(lái)我國(guó)排放權(quán)交易的制度設(shè)計(jì),至少需要：進(jìn)一步明確排放權(quán)之法律地位、進(jìn)行總量控制立法、構(gòu)建合理的排放權(quán)指標(biāo)分配體系、實(shí)行統(tǒng)一的排放許可制度、強(qiáng)化排放權(quán)交易的監(jiān)管與核證；在培育排放權(quán)交易體系時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意交易時(shí)間、交易主體與客體、交易區(qū)域與方式、排放權(quán)指標(biāo)的儲(chǔ)備、交易的登記與核算等要素。 一項(xiàng)新措施的推行必須經(jīng)過(guò)法律的認(rèn)可并在實(shí)施過(guò)程中予以程序性、制度性保障才能真正運(yùn)行、發(fā)揮效用。我國(guó)已經(jīng)在《大氣污染防治法》、《水污染防治法》等法律法規(guī)中規(guī)定了排污許可證制度及總量控制制度,為未來(lái)的排放量權(quán)交易法律體系完善奠定了一定基礎(chǔ),但這些規(guī)定顯得較為粗疏；一些試點(diǎn)地區(qū)也正在摸索并制定地方法性法規(guī)試圖將排放權(quán)交易規(guī)范化、制度化,但就整體效果而言,在國(guó)家法律層面上,并沒(méi)有涵括主體更廣、效力等級(jí)較高、可在更大范圍內(nèi)施行的法律或行政法規(guī)(甚至,國(guó)家法律還沒(méi)有規(guī)范并統(tǒng)一的“排放權(quán)交易”概念)。因此,我國(guó)的排放權(quán)交易體系之建構(gòu)亟需國(guó)家立法加以確認(rèn)。 針對(duì)我國(guó)溫室氣體排放權(quán)交易現(xiàn)存問(wèn)題(特別是其中的法律問(wèn)題),在借鑒域外成熟經(jīng)驗(yàn)和制度安排的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合具體國(guó)情,本文就我國(guó)溫室氣體排放權(quán)交易的法律體系構(gòu)建與完善進(jìn)行了探索,研究并設(shè)計(jì)了排放權(quán)交易的基本制度框架及具體交易制度,兼及討論排放權(quán)交易的監(jiān)管制度等問(wèn)題。除此之外,本文還提出欲圖建立一個(gè)相對(duì)完整的排放權(quán)交易體系,應(yīng)當(dāng)至少包含交易時(shí)間、交易主體、交易客體、交易區(qū)域和交易方式等具體要素——其在未來(lái)的排放權(quán)交易立法中不可或缺。
[Abstract]:As the industrial revolution is falling, the greenhouse gas emissions are increasing and the global warming problem is becoming more and more serious. The natural ecology and environmental system caused by it have changed a series of changes, and the negative effects can not be underestimated. No doubt, the climate warming question has become the focus of international community.
Climate change concerns the fate of human beings, how to gradually resist the international cooperation framework and solve the problems caused by environmental degradation, and the long-term and close cooperation of countries. As early as in 1922, the United Nations Conference on environment and development passed the United Nations Framework for climate change (United Nations Framework for climate change), and made a "deadline" for the control of greenhouse gas emissions. The "Kyoto Protocol", adopted in 1997, initiates the greenhouse gas emission trading system to work together for countries to share responsibility in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Although developed countries, developing countries have a sharp choice on how to share their responsibilities and fulfill their obligations. Paradox, but it is certain that before and after the Copenhagen conference in 2009, the major countries announced their respective emission reduction targets or programme of action in 2020, showing strong political will to strengthen international cooperation and jointly deal with global climate change.
After a long and complicated effort and negotiation, the international community has reached a number of multilateral legal framework agreements and established a number of regional greenhouse gas emissions trading markets. The EU's emissions trading market mechanism, the United States regional emissions trading market system, the Japanese voluntary emission reduction system, and the India energy saving certificate Trading plan are all To a certain extent, it provides an important reference for the establishment of a sound emission trading system for other countries. China needs to compare the mature experience and practice of the extraterritorial model and summarize the existing domestic emission trading pilot data in the light of its own circumstances. In the period of social transformation and unbalance of social and economic development, and with a large population and other special national conditions and historical background, a set of emission trading market system with Chinese characteristics, suitable for local conditions and in line with the national overall and long-term interests is explored.
Through the analysis of the current operation status of China's current emission rights trading, this paper finds that there is at least a lagging law of emission rights transactions (the implementation of the clean development mechanism has some conflict with the current administrative licensing law), the contradiction between the economic growth and the total amount control is prominent, the emission trading market is not standardized, and the future emission rights of China The system design of the transaction requires at least: to further clarify the legal status of the emission rights, to carry out the total amount control legislation, to construct a reasonable distribution system of emission rights, to implement a unified emission licensing system, to strengthen the supervision and verification of the emission trading, and to pay special attention to the transaction time, the subject and the transaction subject in the cultivation of the emission trading system. Object, transaction area and mode, reserve of emission rights index, registration and accounting of transaction.
The implementation of a new measure must be approved by law and procedural in the process of implementation. Institutional guarantee can be truly operational and effective. China has stipulated the emission permit system and the total quantity control system in the laws and regulations of the air pollution prevention and control law and the water pollution control law, for the future emission rights trading law. The improvement of the law system has laid a certain foundation, but these regulations appear to be relatively rough, and some pilot areas are also exploring and formulating local legal regulations to standardize and institutionalize the exclusive rights transactions, but in terms of the overall effect, at the national legal level, it does not include a wider host, a higher level of effectiveness, and a larger scope. The law or administrative laws and regulations (even the national law does not standardize and unified "emission trading" concept). Therefore, the construction of China's emission trading system needs to be confirmed by national legislation.
In view of the existing problems of China's greenhouse gas emissions trading (especially the legal problems), on the basis of foreign mature experience and institutional arrangements, and combining specific national conditions, this paper explores the construction and improvement of the legal system of greenhouse gas emission trading in China, and studies and designs the basic system frame of the exclusive right transaction. In addition to this, this paper also proposes to establish a relatively complete emission trading system, which should include at least the specific elements of transaction time, transaction subject, transaction object, trading area and transaction formula - its future emissions trading. The law is indispensable.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D922.68;X-01

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