本文選題：荒漠化　切入點：荒漠化防治　出處：《中南林業(yè)科技大學》2008年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：荒漠化是當今世界主要生態(tài)環(huán)境問題之一�；哪瘑栴}不但威脅整個人類的生存環(huán)境,也制約著全球經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)發(fā)展以及社會的穩(wěn)定。 我國是世界上荒漠化危害最嚴重的國家之一,荒漠化面積大,分布廣。除干旱地區(qū)以外,半干旱和亞濕潤干旱地區(qū)均有分布�；哪漠a(chǎn)生除了自然因素以外,人類不合理的社會經(jīng)濟活動占主要部分,表現(xiàn)在濫墾,濫牧,濫伐,濫采以及濫用水資源。同時人口的不斷增長,傳統(tǒng)生活方式的落后,法律法規(guī)的不完善,經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平較低以及環(huán)境保護意識差等各個因素也在不斷加速著荒漠化的擴展。 由于荒漠化過程引起土壤侵蝕,造成有機質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分的損失,農(nóng)田產(chǎn)量普遍下降,由此所造成的農(nóng)牧業(yè)產(chǎn)量銳減,導(dǎo)致了巨大的經(jīng)濟損失,使得農(nóng)牧民的生活更加貧困。另外,荒漠化的肆意擴展也對交通,生產(chǎn)建設(shè)設(shè)施以及人們的日常生活造成一定影響。更嚴重的是荒漠化導(dǎo)致地表裸露,提高了地表的反射率,成為全球氣候變暖的重要原因之一,致使整個生態(tài)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)不斷惡化。同時荒漠化問題還危害到人類的身體健康,危及社會的穩(wěn)定以及經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 鑒于荒漠化日趨嚴重的發(fā)展態(tài)勢,以及已經(jīng)對我國經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展和社會穩(wěn)定造成的嚴重影響。從90年代起,中國政府把荒漠化防治正式納入國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展計劃,在全國范圍有計劃、大規(guī)模地開展了荒漠化防治工作,同時制訂了一系列相關(guān)法律,來強化荒漠化防治。近年來,荒漠化防治工作成效顯著,但由于荒漠化防治速度不及荒漠化的擴展速度,因而全國荒漠化范圍每年仍在不斷擴展。 通過對荒漠化防治國際公約的研究,并借鑒其它國家在荒漠化防治領(lǐng)域的成功經(jīng)驗及措施,結(jié)合我國荒漠化發(fā)展的實際情況,充分分析了我國荒漠化防治在立法及執(zhí)法中存在的諸多問題。比如立法方面體現(xiàn)為政府的權(quán)限不清,職責不明；產(chǎn)權(quán)不明,容易導(dǎo)致荒漠化防治利益主體沖突；公眾參與機制操作性不強,不能充分調(diào)動非政府組織及個人參與荒漠化防治；生態(tài)效益補償機制不完善；土地荒漠化監(jiān)測預(yù)警體系不完善。執(zhí)法方面體現(xiàn)為政府部門執(zhí)法不嚴并且方法不當；經(jīng)濟支持不充分；違背自然規(guī)律。 如何完善荒漠化防治的法律體系,改進執(zhí)法,當前迫切需要明確政府權(quán)限和職責；同時明確產(chǎn)權(quán)制度,避免利益沖突；完善公眾參與機制、生態(tài)效益補償機制、以及荒漠化監(jiān)測預(yù)警體系；同時進一步改進執(zhí)法方式,并完善科技支撐體系。
[Abstract]:Desertification is one of the main ecological environmental problems in the world, which not only threatens the whole human survival environment, but also restricts the sustainable development of global economy and social stability. China is one of the countries with the most serious damage to desertification in the world. It has a large area and a wide distribution. Except for arid areas, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, desertification is produced in addition to natural factors. The irrational social and economic activities of human beings account for the main part, and are manifested in the following aspects: excessive reclamation, overgrazing, deforestation, excessive exploitation and misuse of water resources. At the same time, the population is growing continuously, the traditional way of life is lagging behind, and the laws and regulations are not perfect. The low level of economic development and poor awareness of environmental protection are also accelerating the expansion of desertification. As a result of soil erosion caused by the process of desertification, loss of organic matter and nutrients, and a general decline in farm yields, the resulting agricultural and animal husbandry yields have fallen sharply, resulting in significant economic losses and further impoverishment of farmers and herdsmen. The wanton expansion of desertification also has a certain impact on transportation, production and construction facilities and people's daily lives. What is more, desertification results in the exposed surface of the earth's surface, which increases the reflectivity of the surface and becomes one of the important causes of global warming. At the same time, the problem of desertification also endangers the health of human beings, the stability of society and the sustainable development of economy. In view of the growing trend of desertification and its serious impact on the sustainable economic development and social stability of our country... since 90s, the Chinese Government has formally incorporated desertification control into its national economic and social development plans, Desertification control has been carried out on a large scale in a planned way throughout the country, and a series of relevant laws have been formulated to strengthen desertification control. In recent years, the efforts to combat desertification have achieved remarkable results. However, because the speed of desertification control is not as fast as that of desertification, the scope of desertification in China is still expanding every year. Through the study of the international conventions on desertification control, and drawing on the successful experiences and measures of other countries in the field of desertification control, and taking into account the actual situation of the development of desertification in China, Many problems in the legislation and enforcement of desertification control in China are fully analyzed, such as the unclear authority of the government, the unclear responsibilities, the unclear property rights and the conflict of the main body of interest in desertification control. The mechanism of public participation is not strong enough to mobilize non-governmental organizations and individuals to participate in desertification control, and the compensation mechanism of ecological benefits is not perfect. The land desertification monitoring and early warning system is not perfect. The law enforcement is not strict and the method is improper; the economic support is not enough; it is against the natural law. How to perfect the legal system of desertification control and improve the law enforcement, there is an urgent need to clarify the authority and responsibility of the government; at the same time, to clarify the property rights system, to avoid conflicts of interest, to perfect the mechanism of public participation, and to compensate for ecological benefits. And desertification monitoring and early warning system; at the same time, further improve the law enforcement, and improve the science and technology support system.
【學位授予單位】：中南林業(yè)科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：D922.68

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