發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-26 02:59

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 放射性污染 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范 環(huán)境保護(hù) 法律制度　出處：《東北林業(yè)大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著全球放射性污染事故的頻繁發(fā)生,并由此引發(fā)巨大的環(huán)境災(zāi)難,給全球的人類健康、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全和生態(tài)環(huán)境造成了巨大的危害。與此同時(shí),核能在我國的能源結(jié)構(gòu)中發(fā)揮了越來越重要的作用。在核技術(shù)的應(yīng)用方面,我國的放射性同位素與輻射技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)、醫(yī)療等方面的應(yīng)用也越來越廣泛,但我國在核能與核技術(shù)開發(fā)及其利用過程中的安全問題和放射性污染問題也逐漸呈現(xiàn)出來。放射性污染是指在生產(chǎn)、生活等活動中排放超過了國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的放射性物質(zhì)或者射線,造成改變環(huán)境放射性水平,使環(huán)境質(zhì)量惡化,影響環(huán)境安全,危害人體健康或者破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境的現(xiàn)象,或者存在對環(huán)境的某種潛在威脅。放射性污染與我們通常講的核污染含義一致,放射性污染屬于輻射污染的一部分。我國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護(hù)工作,現(xiàn)在越來越重視放射性污染環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問題。目前我國放射性污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范的法律淵源包括全國性立法,行政法規(guī),部門規(guī)章及其他規(guī)范性文件,地方性法規(guī)、規(guī)章及其他規(guī)范性文件,國際公約、雙邊與多邊條約。這些法律規(guī)定與環(huán)境保護(hù)的要求相比還存在一些不足,這些問題主要表現(xiàn)為：法律規(guī)定不全面不系統(tǒng),規(guī)范性文件效力層級低,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范法律制度不完善,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范的管理體制不順等。本文在合理借鑒國際國外有關(guān)放射性污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范法律制度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)做法基礎(chǔ)上,就如何完善我國的放射性污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范法治提出了一些構(gòu)想。首先闡述了我國放射性污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范立法應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防、安全保障、國際合作、普遍參與這四項(xiàng)基本原則。然后本文提出需對我國放射性污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范立法進(jìn)行技術(shù)變革,即要系統(tǒng)修訂現(xiàn)行的規(guī)范性法律文件,并將放射性污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和技術(shù)規(guī)范納入法律化軌道。結(jié)合放射性污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范主要法律制度存在的問題,本文就如何進(jìn)一步完善放射性環(huán)境監(jiān)測制度、放射性安全管理與安全警示制度、放射性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)通報(bào)制度、放射性廢物管理制度、同位素備案制度進(jìn)行了深入探討。最后本文提出要理順放射性污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范的管理體制,設(shè)立專門獨(dú)立的監(jiān)督管理機(jī)構(gòu),賦予統(tǒng)一的監(jiān)督管理職權(quán)。
[Abstract]:With the frequent occurrence of the global radioactive pollution accidents, which caused a huge environmental disaster, to the global human health, property safety and ecological environment caused great harm. Nuclear energy plays a more and more important role in the energy structure of our country. In the application of nuclear technology, the application of radioisotope and radiation technology in agriculture, industry, medical treatment is more and more extensive. However, the safety problems and radioactive pollution problems in the development and utilization of nuclear energy and nuclear technology in China have gradually emerged. Radioactive pollution refers to production. The discharge of radioactive substances or rays exceeding the national standard in activities such as living causes changes in the level of environmental radioactivity, makes the quality of the environment deteriorate, and affects the safety of the environment. A phenomenon that endangers human health or destroys the ecological environment, or where there is a potential threat to the environment. Radioactive pollution is consistent with what we usually mean by nuclear pollution. Radioactive pollution is a part of radiation pollution. Our government has always attached importance to environmental protection. Nowadays, more and more attention is paid to the environmental risk of radioactive pollution. At present, the legal sources of preventing the risk of radioactive pollution in China include national legislation, administrative regulations, departmental regulations and other normative documents, local laws and regulations. Regulations and other normative documents, international conventions, bilateral and multilateral treaties. Compared with the requirements of environmental protection, these legal provisions still have some shortcomings. The level of normative documents is low and the legal system of risk prevention is not perfect. The management system of risk prevention is not good. This paper is based on the experience and practice of international and foreign countries on the prevention of radioactive pollution risk. This paper puts forward some ideas on how to perfect the rule of law of radioactive pollution risk prevention in our country. Firstly, it expounds the risk prevention, safety guarantee and international cooperation that should be adhered to in the legislation of radioactive pollution risk prevention in our country. Then this paper puts forward the need to carry on the technical reform to our country radioactive pollution risk prevention legislation, that is, to revise the current normative legal documents systematically. And put the radioactive pollution risk prevention standards and technical norms into the legalized orbit. Combined with the main legal system of radioactive pollution risk prevention problems, this paper on how to further improve the radioactive environment monitoring system. Radioactive safety management and safety warning system, radioactive risk notification system, radioactive waste management system. The isotope filing system is discussed in depth. Finally, this paper puts forward that the management system of preventing the risk of radioactive pollution should be straightened out, a special independent supervision and management organization should be set up, and a unified supervision and management authority should be given.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D922.68

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