本文選題：清末 + 監(jiān)獄改良��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：1840年,隨著鴉片戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā),古老的中國社會發(fā)生了一次重大的變化,那就是封閉獨立的完全封建性的中國被迫走向世界,開始淪為半殖民地半封建社會,清朝的政權(quán)性質(zhì)也由此轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘胫趁竦匕敕饨ǖ男再|(zhì)。清末的監(jiān)獄制度也被打上了半殖民地半封建社會的烙印,傳統(tǒng)的封建監(jiān)獄制度拉開了改革的帷幕。受西方列強國家法律文化的影響,清廷監(jiān)獄改良的主持者們對中國傳統(tǒng)的司法獄政制度進行了改良,并且取得了一定的成果,在制度層面上來說,完成了從封建獄制到資本主義獄制的轉(zhuǎn)變,在中國的監(jiān)獄歷史上具有里程碑的意義。因此,研究清末監(jiān)獄改良,對于正確把握中國監(jiān)獄制度轉(zhuǎn)變的脈絡(luò)和正確認識監(jiān)獄制度從封建獄制向資本主義獄制的轉(zhuǎn)變具有重要意義。 文章共分為四個部分。第一部分闡述了清末監(jiān)獄改良的內(nèi)外動因。在內(nèi)因方面,主要論述了前清監(jiān)獄制度的腐朽黑暗、資產(chǎn)階級革命運動的推動和預(yù)備立憲運動的推動等三方面因素。清朝是封建社會的最后一個封建王朝,在兩千多年的獄政經(jīng)驗積累中,清朝獄制已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟,但隨著封建專制統(tǒng)治的即將結(jié)束,清朝的獄制也更加黑暗,監(jiān)獄環(huán)境惡劣、獄吏貪贓枉法等等各種原因,都使得沿用幾千年的封建獄制難以為繼。同時,因主權(quán)的大量喪失,民族危機日益加深,這就促使了早期改良思潮的興起和資產(chǎn)階級民主革命運動的興起,而清政府為了遏制革命形勢以維護搖搖欲之的封建統(tǒng)治就不得不打出預(yù)備立憲的口號,于是達成了監(jiān)獄改良的共識。在外因方面,主要闡述了帝國主義國家的侵略需求、西方資本主義國家監(jiān)獄改良的的影響和國際政治關(guān)系的刺激等三個方面的因素。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后,各帝國主義國家在軍事、政治、經(jīng)濟等方面擷取了大量特權(quán),中國人民的主權(quán)遭到肆意踐踏、中國司法主權(quán)的完整性也遭到了嚴重破壞,于是資產(chǎn)階級改良派強烈要求改良中國舊有的監(jiān)獄制度。隨著帝國主義的侵略,西方資產(chǎn)階級自由、平等、博愛的法律觀念也傳入中國,人們接觸到了西方監(jiān)獄制度的先進,更加清楚地認識到本國監(jiān)獄的落后；而且中國因刑罰殘酷、獄制黑暗而受到國際社會的強烈指責(zé)并成為列強奪取司法特權(quán)的借口,為了改變中國司法在國際社會上的卑微地位,清政府下定決心進行改良。 文章第二部分主要論述了清末監(jiān)獄改良中“中體西用”的指導(dǎo)思想以及具有代表性的沈家本和張之洞的監(jiān)獄改良主張。“中體西用”即“中學(xué)為體,西學(xué)為用”,主張在不改變封建專制制度的前提下,就某些方法進行適當(dāng)?shù)淖兺?以繼續(xù)維持原有的統(tǒng)治秩序。于是通過考察西方新式監(jiān)獄的管理思想,找到了中國監(jiān)獄管理思想的轉(zhuǎn)變方向。在論述沈家本和張之洞的監(jiān)獄改良主張中,重點闡述了他們在籌建模范監(jiān)獄、儲備監(jiān)獄管理人才、加強感化教育等方面的內(nèi)容。 文章第三部分主要論述了清末監(jiān)獄改良的具體措施。首先,大量翻譯西方法規(guī),以借鑒西方法律中先進的制度和觀念,開闊國人眼界,更新國人觀念,并且修訂和創(chuàng)制了許多監(jiān)獄法規(guī)。其次,改革監(jiān)獄管理機構(gòu)。對中國封建各王朝歷來獄政與行政不分,審判與行政合一,監(jiān)察與司法行政相互摻雜的模式進行了改變,根據(jù)“三權(quán)分立”原則,使行政和司法分開,獄政有專職負責(zé)。再次,注重培養(yǎng)監(jiān)獄管理人才。主持者認識到如果沒有專業(yè)素質(zhì)高尚的獄吏作為保障,再好的監(jiān)獄制度也不能保證正常的實施,所以系統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)監(jiān)獄管理高級人才‘意義重大。最后,組織籌建模范監(jiān)獄,以改變監(jiān)獄的環(huán)境、加強感化監(jiān)獄并教習(xí)罪犯工藝,使罪犯能在服刑期間得到徹底的改造。 文章第四部分是對清末監(jiān)獄改良活動進行了評價。從具體措施上來看,清末監(jiān)獄改良制定了我國第一部監(jiān)獄法典,培育了大批的新式監(jiān)獄管理人才,這些都為中國監(jiān)獄的近代轉(zhuǎn)型奠定了基礎(chǔ)；從思想方面來看,監(jiān)獄改良沖擊了國人頑固的守舊思想,使人們開闊了眼界,更新了觀念,對監(jiān)獄功能有了新的理解。但是從實際效果上來看,因為改良執(zhí)行缺乏力度和傳統(tǒng)的監(jiān)獄觀念仍然根深蒂固,所以絕大多數(shù)監(jiān)獄的狀況并沒有得到多大改善,一些封建監(jiān)獄的陋習(xí)依然存在,遠遠為達到人民所預(yù)期的效果,這場標(biāo)志著中國法制近代化的運動無疑是失敗的。 清末監(jiān)獄改良在清末新政過程中占有極其重要的位置,并且具有相當(dāng)?shù)倪M步意義和歷史教訓(xùn),這些對中國后來的監(jiān)獄立法和司法實踐都產(chǎn)生了重大的影響。
[Abstract]:In 1840, with the outbreak of the Opium War, the ancient Chinese society had a major change, that is, the closed, independent and completely feudal China was forced to go to the world, and began to fall into a semi colonial and semi feudal society, and the nature of the Qing Dynasty was transformed into a semi colonial and semi feudal nature. The prison system at the end of the Qing Dynasty was also hit. In the semi colonial and semi feudal society, the traditional feudal prison system opened the curtain of the reform. Influenced by the legal culture of the Western powers, the reformed presiding officers of the Qing Dynasty prison improved the traditional Chinese judicial prison system and achieved certain results. At the institutional level, the feudal prison was completed from the feudal prison. The transformation of the capitalist prison system has a milestone in the history of China's prison. Therefore, the study of prison improvement in the late Qing Dynasty is of great significance to correctly grasp the context of the transformation of the Chinese prison system and to correctly understand the transformation of the prison system from the feudal prison system to the capitalist prison system.
The article is divided into four parts. The first part expounds the internal and external causes of prison improvement in the late Qing Dynasty. In the aspects of internal causes, it mainly discusses the decadent darkness of the prison system in the former Qing Dynasty, the promotion of the bourgeois revolutionary movement and the promotion of the preparation of the constitutional movement. The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in the feudal society, and in more than two thousand years. In the accumulation of prison administration experience, the Qing Dynasty prison system has been quite mature, but with the end of the feudal autocratic rule, the prison system of the Qing Dynasty is darker, the prison environment is bad, the prison officials are corrupt and so on all kinds of reasons, which make it difficult to follow the feudal prison system for thousands of years. At the same time, because of the loss of sovereignty, the national crisis is deepening day by day. The rise of the early improvement trend of thought and the rise of the bourgeois democratic revolution movement, and the Qing government, in order to contain the revolutionary situation in order to contain the shakes of the feudal rule, had to play the slogan of preparing the constitutionalism, and reached the consensus of the prison improvement. In the external cause, the main needs to elaborate the invasion demand of the imperialist countries, the West. After the Opium War, the imperialist countries have taken a lot of privileges in military, political, economic and other aspects, and the sovereignty of the Chinese people has been trampled wantonly after the Opium War, and the integrity of China's judicial sovereignty has been seriously damaged, so the assets of the Chinese judicial sovereignty have been seriously damaged. The class reformists strongly demanded the improvement of the old prison system in China. With the invasion of imperialism, western bourgeois freedom, equality, and fraternity have also been introduced into China. People have come into contact with the advanced western prison system and know more clearly the backwardness of their own prisons; and China is subjected to cruel punishment and dark prison system. In order to change the humble status of China's judicature in the international community, the Qing government determined to improve it by the strong accusations from the international community and the excuse of the powers to seize the privileges of the judiciary.
The second part of the article mainly discusses the guiding ideology of "the middle body and the west" in the prison improvement in the late Qing Dynasty, and the representative Shen Jiaben and Zhang Zhidong's prisons improvement proposition. "Middle and western use", "middle school as a body, and Western learning as a use", advocates appropriate changes in some methods on the basis of not changing the feudal autocratic system. Continue to maintain the original rule order, so through the inspection of the management thought of the new western prisons, we found the direction of the transformation of the Chinese prison management thought. In the discussion of Shen Jiaben's and Zhang Zhidong's prisons' reformatory ideas, it emphatically expounded their contents in the preparation of model prisons, the reserve of prison management personnel, and the strengthening of the educational education.
The third part of the article mainly discusses the concrete measures of prison improvement at the end of the Qing Dynasty. First, a large number of western laws and regulations are translated to draw lessons from the advanced systems and concepts in western laws, broaden the vision of the Chinese people, renew the concept of the people, and revise and create many prison regulations. Secondly, the prison administration has been reformed. The prison administration of the feudal dynasties in China has always been in prison. There is no distinction between administration and administration. The mode of mutual doping between trial and administration and the mutual doping of supervision and administration have been changed. According to the principle of separation of three powers, the administration and the judiciary are separated and the prison administration is responsible. Again, the prison management personnel are trained. The host recognizes that if there is no high professional jailer as security, a good prison is realized. The system can not guarantee the normal implementation, so it is of great significance to train the senior prison personnel systematically. Finally, the organization is organizing the model prison to change the prison environment, strengthen the prison and teach the criminal process, so that the criminal can be thoroughly reformed during the period of prison service.
The fourth part of the article is the evaluation of the prison improvement activities in the late Qing Dynasty. From the specific measures, the prison improvement in the late Qing Dynasty made the first prison code in China, which had nurtured a large number of new prison management talents, all of which laid the foundation for the modern transformation of Chinese prisons. From the ideological point of view, the prison improvement impacted the stubbornness of the Chinese people. The old idea has opened up the eye, updated the concept, and has a new understanding of the prison function. But from the actual effect, because of the lack of improvement and the traditional prison concept still deep-rooted, most of the prison conditions have not been greatly improved, the bad habits of some feudal prisons still exist, far away. Far reaching the expected effect of the people, this movement which marked the modernization of Chinese legal system was undoubtedly a failure.
The prison reform in the late Qing Dynasty occupies an extremely important position in the new policy of the late Qing Dynasty, and has considerable progressive significance and historical lessons, which have a great influence on the later prison legislation and judicial practice in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D929;D926.7

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