本文選題：法官助理　切入點：美國聯(lián)邦法院　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：盡管法官助理制度已經(jīng)在美國實踐了100多年,但在我國,從它的提出到現(xiàn)在只有20多年的時間,該制度仍處于雛形階段,我們?nèi)孕枰吆荛L的一段路去摸索和探尋具有中國特色的法官助理制度。本文以中、美兩國法官助理制度的歷史發(fā)展為視角,解構(gòu)兩國法官助理制度,并從制度形成的內(nèi)因和制度的特殊性著手,比較分析兩國法官助理制度的差異性,繼而總結(jié)出我國可以借鑒的美國實踐經(jīng)驗。具體來講,全文的四部分內(nèi)容如下:第一部分從歷史發(fā)展的角度對我國法官助理制度在實踐和理論層面的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展,及目前我國司法實踐的現(xiàn)狀進行概述。一直以來,我國法官助理制度在最高人民法院的主導(dǎo)下進行:1999年最高人民法院在《人民法院五年改革綱要》中第一次提出了法官助理的概念,并開始了法官助理的試點工作。2004年最高人民法院在《關(guān)于在部分地方人民法院開展法官助理試點工作的意見》中初步規(guī)定了法官助理的職責(zé)和任職條件,并確立了18個試點法院。2005年最高人民法院通過《人民法院第二個五年改革綱要》在全國各地法院繼續(xù)推行法官助理的嘗試,并提出制定法官、法官助理、書記員等法院內(nèi)部人員的分類管理辦法。2007年最高人民法院在西部基層人民法院推行試點。2009年最高人民法院在《人民法院第三個五年改革綱要》中強調(diào)“完善法官及其輔助人員分類管理的制度”。2015年最高人民法院在《關(guān)于全面深化人民法院改革的意見》中再次強調(diào)“推動法院人員分類管理制度改革”。2016年中央全面深化改革領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組會議通過了《關(guān)于招錄人民法院法官助理、人民檢察院檢察官助理的意見》,確定了法官助理的招錄條件、來源等。2016年6月,中共中央組織部、中共中央政法委員會、最高人民法院和最高人民檢察院共同出臺了《法官助理、檢察官助理和書記員職務(wù)序列改革試點方案》,確定了法官助理按綜合管理類公務(wù)員進行管理,并對其設(shè)置單獨的職務(wù)層級。第二部分將重點分析我國法官助理制度幾個方面的現(xiàn)實困境。因為一個制度的構(gòu)建與發(fā)展是離不開理論支撐的,所以我國學(xué)界從多角度對法官助理制度進行了理論研究,其中,有的學(xué)者分析和比較了其他國家相對成熟的法官助理制度,并根據(jù)我國司法系統(tǒng)、法院系統(tǒng)、法官制度等特點,將一些實踐經(jīng)驗予以吸收和借鑒。有學(xué)者對我國實踐經(jīng)驗進行了總結(jié),在此基礎(chǔ)上分析出我國法官助理制度構(gòu)建的難題,這有助于推進各試點法院的工作。對構(gòu)建我國法官助理制度的實踐和理論的摸索應(yīng)當相輔相成,互為支撐,因此對該制度進一步深層次地理論研究是非常有必要的。第三部分將介紹美國聯(lián)邦法官助理制度的形成與演變,及中、美法官助理制度的比較。美國聯(lián)邦法官助理制度始于1882年,隨著社會的發(fā)展,聯(lián)邦法院的案件量在不斷攀升,而法官助理制度就是在這個過程中得以形成并逐漸發(fā)展起來的。隨著聯(lián)邦法官工作量的增多,法官助理的數(shù)量也在不斷增長。一方面,聯(lián)邦法官助理在很大程度上緩解了法官的工作壓力。這些助理來自于美國知名大學(xué)的法學(xué)院,他們成績優(yōu)異,并且能力突出,能夠為法官提供法學(xué)院最前沿的研究動態(tài)和成果。另一方面,從歷史發(fā)展的角度看,他們的職責(zé)在不斷的擴大,從最開始的事務(wù)性職能,到開始接觸法官的審判業(yè)務(wù),再到代替法官起草法律意見書。這一現(xiàn)象引發(fā)了美國學(xué)界的激烈討論,主流觀點則認為,法官助理確實會對法官產(chǎn)生影響,但這種影響是溫和,并且這種危險性是可控的。美國學(xué)界對聯(lián)邦法官助理制度的爭議點與我國既有交叉又有不同,因此在比較分析時應(yīng)當突出重點。由于中國與美國分屬于不同法系,法律體系和法律制度是不同的,所以我們不能簡單地、不加篩選地借鑒美國相對完善的法官助理制度,因為那樣可能會造成水土不服的窘境。由此,本文采用比較分析和重點分析的方法,對中、美兩國制度的比較研究有選擇性地進行,也就是剔除各有社會特色和法律特色的部分,把一些實踐經(jīng)驗分解、精細化,再套用在我國的實踐中。如美國聯(lián)邦法院聘用法學(xué)院畢業(yè)生擔(dān)任短期法官助理的實踐做法,可以加入到我國法官助理的來源里,解決法官助理數(shù)量不足的問題。第四部分將依據(jù)我國法官助理制度的現(xiàn)狀及美國聯(lián)邦法官助理的實踐,從而提出了完善我國法官助理制度的幾點建議,并論述了其合理性和必要性。其中包括擴大法官助理的來源、法官助理在其職責(zé)上應(yīng)具有多樣性和差異性、完善獨具我國特色的法官助理的招錄、考評及晉升等配套制度。
[Abstract]:Although the judge assistant system has been practiced for 100 years in the United States, but in China, it's from up to now only 20 years of time, the system is still in the embryonic stage, we still need to go a long way to explore and research the judge assistant system has Chinese characteristics. In this paper, the history of the development of the system of judge assistant in America from the perspective of deconstruction of judge assistant system between the two countries, the special system and from the internal and the formation of system to compare the two of the judges assistant system, and concluded that China can learn from the American experience. Specifically, the content of the four part of the thesis is as follows: the first part from the angle of the historical development of judicial assistant system in China in the emergence and development of practice and theory, and the present situation of our country's judicial practice were summarized. All the time, our country in the supreme judicial assistant system The leading court under the Supreme People's court in 1999: "people's court reform for five years" first proposed the concept of assistant judges, and began the pilot work of judge assistant.2004 the Supreme People's court in "on the local people's court to carry out the pilot work on the part of judge assistant opinions in provides preliminary judge assistant duties and qualifications, and established 18 pilot attempts to court.2005 the Supreme People's court to continue the judge assistant in the courts of the country through the" people's Court of the second five year reform outline ", and formulates the judge, judge assistant, clerk of the court personnel classification management method.2007 the Supreme People's court in the western part of the grassroots people's court pilot.2009 the Supreme People's court in the" people's Court of the third five year reform outline > stressed that "perfect judge and assistant personnel The classified management system ".2015" in the Supreme People's Court on deepening the comprehensive reform of the people's court opinions stressed again.2016 comprehensive deepening reform the central leading group meeting of the "people's court judge on recruiting assistant to promote the reform of court personnel classification system, the people's Procuratorate procurator assistant opinions, judge assistant the recruitment conditions are determined. The sources of.2016 in June, the Organization Department of CPC Central Committee, the CPC Central Committee, the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate jointly issued the" assistant judges, prosecutors and the pilot program assistant clerk positions reform sequence >, determined the judge assistant management according to the comprehensive management of the civil service, and set up a separate the job level of. The second part will focus on the analysis of reality of the plight of several judges assistant system of our country. Because of a system of construction and Development cannot do without theoretical support, so I Ancient Chinese Literature Search circle from the perspective of judge assistant system were studied, among them, some scholars analyzed and compared the judge assistant system is relatively mature in other countries, and according to our country's judicial system, court system, the judge system characteristics, will be absorbed and some practical experience reference. Some scholars summarize our practical experience, on the basis of analysis of problems in the establishment of judicial assistant system in China, which helps to promote the pilot work of the court. The theory and practice of the construction of judge assistant system in China exploration should complement each other, mutual support, thus further in-depth theory the system research is very necessary. The third part will introduce the formation and evolution of the federal system of judge assistant and assistant judge system, comparison of beauty. The United States federal judge assistant system Degree in 1882, with the development of society, the amount of federal court cases continues to rise, and the judge assistant system is in the process to be formed and developed gradually. With the increase of the number of federal judge workload, judge assistant is also growing. On the one hand, a federal judge assistant to ease the work pressure on the judge to a great extent. The assistant from the famous American university law school, their excellent achievements and outstanding ability, research trends and results can provide the law school to the forefront of judges. On the other hand, from the perspective of historical development, their responsibilities are constantly expanding, from the beginning of the business functions. To begin to contact the judge's business, to replace judge drafting legal opinions. This phenomenon led to intense discussion of the scholars of the United States, the mainstream view is that the judge assistant to do The influence of judges, but this effect is mild, and the risk is controllable. The scholars of the federal judge assistant system point of dispute with China in both cross and different, so the comparative analysis should be focused. Because China and the United States belong to different legal system, legal system and legal system is different so, we can not simply, without reference to screening judge assistant system of the United States is relatively perfect, because that may cause the dilemma of The climate does not suit one.. Therefore, this paper uses the method of comparative analysis, and focus on analysis, comparative study of the United States system selectively, that is eliminating the social characteristics and the legal characteristics, the practical experiences of decomposition, refinement, then apply in the practice of our country. Such as the practice of the federal courts of the United States employment law school graduates a short stint as assistant judge Practice, can be added to the source of China's assistant judge, judge assistant to solve the problem of insufficient quantity. The fourth part will be based on the practice status of judge assistant system in China and the United States federal judge assistant, and puts forward some suggestions on perfecting the judicial assistant system in China, and discusses its rationality and necessity. Including the expansion of sources of assistant judge, judge assistant should have diversity and differences in their responsibilities, improve the unique characteristics of judge assistant recruiting, evaluation and promotion system.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D926.2

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