【摘要】：在美國建國初期，外交政策深受殖民地時期的商業(yè)精神和實用主義的影響。這段時期流行的“中立用的常規(guī)”，符合了當時美國奉行的孤立主義外交政策，成為其建國初期外交的核心內容。 一戰(zhàn)結束后，國內反戰(zhàn)情緒蔓延，為了避免重蹈世界大戰(zhàn)的覆轍，美國出臺了一系列包括中立條款的法案。20世紀30年代后期，在國內經濟危機和動蕩國際局勢的雙重壓力下，身為國際主義者的總統(tǒng)羅斯福推出著名的新政。新政涉及國家政治、經濟、外交等多個方面，由于傳統(tǒng)的孤立主義勢力仍不可小覷，涉及對國際事務的態(tài)度問題，羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)簽署了一系列中立法案（Neutrality Act），這些法案可以說是政治妥協(xié)的產物。直至珍珠港事件爆發(fā)，美國參戰(zhàn)，這些法案才被正式廢除。 法案對國際事務奉行不干涉原則，在中立法案的出臺和不斷修改的過程之中，總統(tǒng)羅斯福起了舉足輕重的作用。為了美國自身的利益，羅斯福通過援引中立法案使得美國的外交政策有一定的“彈性空間”�；诖耍�(zhàn)伊始美國采取了不插手的態(tài)度，讓北美大陸遠離戰(zhàn)火的同時，也贏得了大力發(fā)展國家經濟和對外貿易的機遇。 就內容而言，法案似乎有意或無意的存在著種種漏洞與弊端，表明了美國在這一時期的對外政策。法案并不像傳統(tǒng)意義上明確中立權利和義務的國際法，更多的是為了滿足保衛(wèi)國土安全、避免海外市場丟失的需要。 回顧中立法案頒布和修改的歷程，羅斯福逐漸在與孤立主義者的斗爭中占據(jù)了上風，直接表現(xiàn)為總統(tǒng)權力的擴大，法案對于涉及對外貿易方面的限制也越來越少。總體來說，美國在這一時期的中立法案，，體現(xiàn)了深刻的時代印記，以保護本土安全，維護國家利益為出發(fā)點，不僅為戰(zhàn)后美國的崛起贏得先機，而且對整個國際關系也產生了深遠的影響。
[Abstract]:In the early days of the founding of the United States, foreign policy was deeply influenced by the commercial spirit and pragmatism of the colonial period. The popular "neutral convention" during this period was in line with the isolationist foreign policy pursued by the United States at that time and became the core content of its diplomacy in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China. After World War I, anti-war sentiment spread at home. In order to avoid repeating the mistakes of the World War, the United States introduced a series of bills including neutral clauses. In the late 1930s, under the dual pressure of the domestic economic crisis and the volatile international situation, President Roosevelt, an internationalist, launched the famous New deal. The New deal involves many aspects, such as national politics, economy, diplomacy and so on. Because the traditional isolationist forces can not be underestimated, involving the attitude towards international affairs, President Roosevelt signed a series of neutral legislation (Neutrality Act), which can be said to be the product of political compromise. It was not until Pearl Harbor broke out and the United States went to war that these bills were formally repealed. The bill adheres to the principle of non-interference in international affairs, and President Roosevelt played an important role in the process of introducing and revising the neutral bill. For the benefit of the United States, Roosevelt made American foreign policy flexible by invoking the neutralization Act. Based on this, at the beginning of World War II, the United States adopted a non-meddling attitude to keep the North American continent away from the war, but also won the opportunity to vigorously develop the national economy and foreign trade. In terms of content, the bill seems to have a variety of loopholes and drawbacks, indicating the foreign policy of the United States during this period. Unlike international law, which traditionally defines neutral rights and obligations, the bill is more designed to meet the need to defend homeland security and avoid the loss of overseas markets. Looking back on the process of enacting and amending the neutrality Act, Roosevelt gradually gained the upper hand in the struggle against isolationists, which was directly manifested in the expansion of presidential power, and the restrictions on foreign trade were becoming less and less. On the whole, the neutrality Act of the United States in this period embodied a profound imprint of the times, taking the protection of local security and safeguarding national interests as the starting point, which not only won the lead for the rise of the United States after the war, but also had a profound impact on the whole international relations.
【學位授予單位】：華東政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D971.2

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2 文佳;;淺析美國建國初期孤立主義思想的成因[J];南昌教育學院學報;2012年03期

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