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人權(quán)視野下同性婚姻制度的變遷

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-02-26 11:44

  本文關(guān)鍵詞:試析美國(guó)同性婚姻合法化歷程,由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。


研究顯示,無(wú)論社會(huì)文化的背景如何不同,同性戀者大約占社會(huì)性成熟時(shí) 期人口總量為3%至5%。依據(jù)專(zhuān)家測(cè)算,中國(guó)的同性戀人口有3900萬(wàn)至5200萬(wàn)。 長(zhǎng)期致力于同性戀問(wèn)題研究的張北川教授曾做出估計(jì),我國(guó) 15-60 歲的同性戀 群體的人口數(shù)量大約達(dá)到 3000 萬(wàn)。雖然數(shù)據(jù)不甚相同,但均反映了同一個(gè)事實(shí), 那就是中國(guó)同性戀者數(shù)目龐大,已經(jīng)構(gòu)成一個(gè)不容忽視的亞文化群體。1 從世界領(lǐng)域來(lái)看,已經(jīng)有 21 個(gè)國(guó)家先后通過(guò)立法認(rèn)可同性伴侶間的婚姻關(guān) 系,同性婚姻合法化浪潮呈現(xiàn)出蔓延的趨勢(shì)。2015 年美國(guó)聯(lián)邦最高法院對(duì) Obergefell v. Hodges 案的判決承認(rèn)了同性婚姻的合法性,使得美國(guó)成為了第 21 個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)同性婚姻合法化的國(guó)家,更是掀起了同志平權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的高潮。然而目前同 性戀相關(guān)的法律問(wèn)題在我國(guó)還沒(méi)有進(jìn)入正式的議程,只是一個(gè)被窺探和被回避 的話題,與之相關(guān)的研究也是少之又少。但這個(gè)問(wèn)題意義實(shí)在深遠(yuǎn),不僅有相 關(guān)法律與社會(huì)政策意義,而且有法理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)的理論價(jià)值。結(jié)婚權(quán)作為一項(xiàng) 基本權(quán)利,與個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)和自由息息相關(guān)。因此,研究人權(quán)視野下的同性婚姻制 度的變遷,既有助于了解同性婚姻的人權(quán)保護(hù)及法律實(shí)踐的發(fā)展過(guò)程,同時(shí)對(duì) 于認(rèn)識(shí)社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)以及完善現(xiàn)有法律也具有借鑒意義。 本文第一章“同性婚姻合法化的理論爭(zhēng)議”介紹了同性婚姻合法化所面對(duì) 的駁斥質(zhì)疑和贊同理論兩種觀點(diǎn)。反對(duì)同性婚姻的理由主要來(lái)自傳統(tǒng)婚姻觀念、 社會(huì)公共利益、以及宗教信仰三個(gè)方面。反對(duì)者認(rèn)為,由于婚姻的生育功能和 教育功能,同性婚姻將會(huì)使婚姻失去社會(huì)價(jià)值;此外,同性婚姻合法化將會(huì)帶 來(lái)的傳統(tǒng)婚姻價(jià)值觀瓦解;宗教信仰,尤其是《圣經(jīng)》的影響,也是反對(duì)同性 婚姻合法化的強(qiáng)烈力量。而贊同理論則認(rèn)為結(jié)婚權(quán)屬于個(gè)人的基本權(quán)利和自由; 隨著社會(huì)觀念的變化,婚姻的形式并非一成不變;由于“滑坡理論”的推理邏 輯偏頗,由此得出的同性婚姻合法化將會(huì)導(dǎo)致社會(huì)道德崩塌的觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的; 宗教多樣性也是同性婚姻合法化的支持理論之一。 第二章“同性婚姻的立法模式”是本文研究的重點(diǎn)之一。第二章全景展現(xiàn) 了同性婚姻的四種立法模式,即特別規(guī)則、同居伴侶制、注冊(cè)登記制、婚姻立                                                        1 李銀河:《同性戀亞文化》,內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)出版社 2009 年版,第 32 頁(yè)。 II  法四種模式。除了婚姻立法賦予同性戀者與異性戀者相同的婚姻權(quán)利之外,其 他三種模式下同性伴侶之間的權(quán)利都有著不同程度的局限性,即使是在權(quán)利人 保護(hù)范圍最大的注冊(cè)登記制之下,同性戀群體依然認(rèn)為非婚姻立法的模式在一 定程度上僅僅是立法者追求和諧法律體系的手段,而非真正的尊重同性戀群體、 賦予同性戀者平等的結(jié)婚權(quán)。第二章分別介紹了四種模式的基本定義以及典型 國(guó)家。其中注冊(cè)登記制是最具代表性但同時(shí)也是最具爭(zhēng)議的立法模式,是第二 章介紹的重點(diǎn)部分。 第三章“從經(jīng)典案例看同性婚姻的人權(quán)保護(hù)與實(shí)踐發(fā)展”選取了歐洲人權(quán) 法院和美國(guó)法院作的經(jīng)典案例入手,縱向展現(xiàn)了判例法體系之下同性婚姻合法 化的發(fā)展過(guò)程和趨勢(shì)。第一部分結(jié)合《歐洲人權(quán)公約》中的第 8 條、第 12 條、 第 14 條等相關(guān)條款,歸納了歐洲人權(quán)法院經(jīng)典案例中對(duì)待同性婚姻的立場(chǎng)的變 化,并結(jié)合國(guó)家自由裁量原則指出歐洲人權(quán)法院在成員國(guó)相關(guān)立法方面的間接 的緩慢的作用。第二部分介紹美國(guó)同性婚姻合法化的歷史進(jìn)程,結(jié)合法院的經(jīng) 典判例以及正當(dāng)程序、平等保護(hù)等原則在經(jīng)典案例中的體現(xiàn);最后部分介紹 Obergefell v. Hodges 一案中自由派和保守派法官的各自觀點(diǎn),對(duì)于結(jié)婚權(quán)是否 屬于個(gè)人基本權(quán)利的主要爭(zhēng)議,雙重審查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與“正當(dāng)程序原則”在判斷中起 著決定性作用。自由派法官肯尼迪大法官指出,婚姻作為維系家庭及社會(huì)秩序 的基石,在促進(jìn)人類(lèi)繁衍生息、保障文明得以延續(xù)等方面扮演著不可或缺的角 色。結(jié)婚權(quán)作為一項(xiàng)基本權(quán)利,配偶的權(quán)利和義務(wù)只有經(jīng)過(guò)締結(jié)婚姻才能得以 實(shí)現(xiàn),絕大多數(shù)人都有著強(qiáng)烈的步入婚姻的愿望,實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)婚權(quán)下的個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)和 自由。在平等原則之下,同性戀群體的結(jié)婚權(quán)不應(yīng)當(dāng)被剝奪。同性婚姻合法化 的過(guò)程也是個(gè)人權(quán)利與國(guó)家權(quán)力、社會(huì)道德的博弈過(guò)程。2而保守派羅伯茨大法 官則認(rèn)為,結(jié)婚權(quán)僅僅存在于異性之間,同性間的結(jié)婚權(quán)并不是“根植于國(guó)家 歷史和傳統(tǒng)”中,不屬于基本權(quán)利3。 第四章的內(nèi)容對(duì)準(zhǔn)國(guó)內(nèi)同性戀群體,在傳統(tǒng)觀念、社會(huì)道德以及內(nèi)心情感 需求的夾縫中艱難生存的人群。在傳統(tǒng)觀念的重壓下,畸形的伴侶婚姻中產(chǎn)生 了“同妻”這個(gè)具有中國(guó)特色的悲劇性詞語(yǔ)。然而,在我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的法律制度下,                                                        2 Supreme Court of the United States, Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S.____(2015), para. 22-28. 3 Supreme Court of the United States, Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S.____(2015) (Roberts, C.J., dissenting, at 19-20). III  無(wú)論是選擇步入傳統(tǒng)婚姻的同性戀者,還是伴侶婚姻中的另一方,都處于進(jìn)退 兩難的尷尬的法律境地。同大多數(shù)西方國(guó)家相比,我國(guó)社會(huì)和法律對(duì)于同性戀 群體的態(tài)度更為傳統(tǒng)、保守。但是,不可否認(rèn)的是,在我國(guó)存在著龐大的同性 戀群體,而同性戀群體渴望其伴侶之間的感情與結(jié)合得到法律承認(rèn)和保護(hù)的訴 求已經(jīng)不容忽視。誠(chéng)然,結(jié)合我國(guó)的實(shí)際情況而言,短時(shí)期之內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)同性婚姻 合法化存在著很大的障礙困難,但并不代表今后不存在任何可能性。隨著社會(huì) 制度的完善以及公眾認(rèn)知的發(fā)展,面對(duì)愈發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的同性戀者意圖與所愛(ài)之人締 結(jié)婚姻的訴求,我們的社會(huì)與法律理應(yīng)愈發(fā)包容。而西方社會(huì)同性婚姻合法化 的發(fā)展模式,也能夠?yàn)槲覈?guó)相關(guān)法律和制度的發(fā)展和完善提供一定的借鑒。 關(guān)鍵詞:同性婚姻;基本人權(quán);平等保護(hù);法律困境 *

論文文摘(外文)

:According to studies and surveys, regardless of cultural backgrounds, homosexual group acs for 3%, even up to 5% of the population. In China, it is estimated there are up to 52 million homosexuals aged from 15 to 60 years old. The huge sub-culture group is just around us, and their voices cannot be ignored.  The rights to marriage and to family are fundamental to individual dignity and freedom. So far, same-sex marriage bills have been approved in 21 ries. Couples enjoy the same rights and responsibilities no matter they are homosexual or heterosexual. In addition, there are other forms of legal recognitions, such as civil union and registered partnership. From perspectives of individual rights and equal protection, this thesis analyzes the relevant provisions of European Convention on Human Rights and classic cases in the US to show the significance of same-sex marriage. There is no dispute on the point that right to marriage is one of the fundamental rights of individual dignity. In the relevant cases of European Court of Human Rights, provisions of “private and family life” in Article 8, “right to marriage” in Article 12, and “prohibition of discrimination” in Article 14 have been cited to support right to gay marriage. One of the main purposes of the Constitution is to defend individual freedom. Under the principles of due process and of equal protection, finally same-sex marriage was legally recognized in the United Stated in the year of 2015, after gays and lesbians had been fighting for nearly half a century.    Chapter One is about disputes on legal recognition of same-sex marriage. People who are against the unconventional marriage argue that marriage will lose its reproductive as well as the educational functions. Morality would collapse, and AIDS and HIV would break out if homosexuals enjoy the same rights as the heterosexuals. The Bible is another overwhelming erview. While right to marriage is fundamental and is a condition of individual freedom is the main reason for legal recognition. As institution of marriage develops, same-sex marriage will be accepted one day. There is a logical mistake in the “slippery scope theory”, and V  same-sex marriage would not lead to collapse of morality. Not all religions forbid homosexuality, Buddhism, for example.  Chapter Two is about legislative modes of same-sex marriage. Mainly there are four types, that is, scattered regulations, registered partnership, civil union, and legalization. There are restrictions of rights in the first three modes, and groups of homosexuals believe that except for legalization, other forms are just compromises made by the government.   Chapter Three is about Human Rights protection and development from the perspective of classic cases, both in European Court of Human Rights and the United States. The first part is about ECtHR. Changes of attitude can be seen from Article 8, Article 12 and Article 14 of European Convention on Human Rights, showing that increasing rights of homosexuals are protected under human rights, though the pace in member state is quite slow under margin of appreciation principle. In the second part, classic cases about same-sex marriage are analyzed, showing finally how it comes to legalization in the US. The case of Obergefell v. Hodges is discussed in the third part. Whether right to gay marriage is fundamental is the major dispute among Justices. Kennedy argues that marriage is fundamental to social order, and right to marriage is fundamental to individual freedom and dignity. While Roberts thinks that right to marriage only exists between a man and a woman, since that of homosexuals is not rooted in the history or tradition of the nation.4  Our attitude towards homosexuals is not as tolerant as that of the western culture. Relationship between gays and lesbians cannot be legally recognized or protected. In fact, homosexuals usually have to enter straight marriages because of tremendous domestic and social pressure. Paradoxically, this kind of “straight marriages” would be badly condemned and the homosexual would never be forgiven. The only solution seems to be single ever after, however, the traditional doctrine of filial piety life-breeding will never allow. Homosexual group in Chinese society is in a legal dilemma.  To an extent, their right to marriage and family is denied. They are                                                         4 Supreme Court of the United States, Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S.____(2015) (Roberts, C.J., dissenting, at 19-20). VI  struggling in the crack between the force of nature and the social expectation.  Considering the actual situation of our society and legal system, it is forable or even impossible to approve same-sex marriage in the near future. However, when we look at the evolvement of legal recognition of same-sex marriage in the western world, we cannot absolutely say that there is no possibility. It is believed that people will show tolerance towards homosexuality gradually, and changes would be made to our legal provisions.      Key words: Same-sex marriage; Human rights; Equal protection; Legal dilemma *

論文目錄:

引 言 .................................................... 1 第 1 章 同性婚姻合法化的理論爭(zhēng)議 .......................... 4 1.1 反對(duì)同性婚姻合法化的理論 .................................... 4 1.1.1 傳統(tǒng)婚姻觀念 ............................................ 4 1.1.2 社會(huì)公共利益 ............................................ 5 1.1.3 宗教信仰 ................................................ 5 1.2 支持同性婚姻合法化的理論 .................................... 6 1.2.1 結(jié)婚權(quán)是基本人權(quán) ........................................ 6 1.2.2 婚姻形式并非一成不變 .................................... 7 1.2.3 社會(huì)公共利益未必受損 .................................... 8 1.2.4 宗教多樣性 .............................................. 9 第 2 章 同性婚姻的立法模式 ............................... 11 2.1 特別規(guī)則 ................................................... 11 2.2 同居伴侶制 ................................................. 12 2.3 注冊(cè)登記制 ................................................. 13 2.4 婚姻立法 ................................................... 14 第 3 章 相關(guān)案例中同性婚姻的人權(quán)保護(hù)及實(shí)踐發(fā)展 ........... 16 3.1 歐洲人權(quán)法院的判例發(fā)展 ...................................... 16 3.1.1 《歐洲人權(quán)公約》第 8 條與同性伴侶家庭生活權(quán) ............. 17 3.1.2 《歐洲人權(quán)公約》第 12 條與同性伴侶結(jié)婚權(quán) ................ 19 3.1.3 《歐洲人權(quán)公約》第 14 條反歧視原則 ...................... 21 3.1.4 國(guó)家自由裁量原則 ........................................ 22 3.2 美國(guó)同性婚姻合法化歷程 ...................................... 23 2 3.2.1 同性婚姻合法化的早期發(fā)展 ................................ 24 3.2.2 夏威夷州的《互惠法》與聯(lián)邦政府的《婚姻捍衛(wèi)法》 .......... 26 3.2.3 美國(guó)聯(lián)邦最高法院 Obergefell v. Hodges 案 ................ 28 第 4 章 中國(guó)法律環(huán)境下同性戀群體現(xiàn)狀及同性婚姻法律困境 ... 32 4.1 同性戀群體的現(xiàn)狀 ........................................... 32 4.2 同性戀者的法律困境 ......................................... 33 4.2.1 伴侶婚姻 ................................................ 34 4.2.2 離婚案件中雙方尷尬的法律處境 ........................... 35 結(jié) 論 ................................................... 37 參考文獻(xiàn) ................................................ 39 致 謝 ................................................... 46 * 論文總頁(yè)數(shù): * 參考文獻(xiàn):

參考文獻(xiàn)

參考文獻(xiàn) (按照作者姓氏拼音排序) (一)中文著作: [1] 郭曉飛,《中國(guó)法視野下的同性戀》,北京,知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)出版社,2007。[2] 何東平,《中國(guó)同性戀人權(quán)保障研究》,廈門(mén),廈門(mén)大學(xué)出版社,2012。 [3] 劉達(dá)林、魯龍光主編,《中國(guó)同性戀研究》,北京,中國(guó)社會(huì)出版社,2005。 [4] 李銀河,《同性戀亞文化》,呼和浩特,內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)出版社,2009。 [5] 李擁軍,《性權(quán)利與法律》,北京,科學(xué)出版社,2009。 [6] 馬平,《同性戀問(wèn)題的憲法學(xué)思考》,北京,法律出版社,2011。 [7] 申建林,《自然法理論的演進(jìn)——西方主流人權(quán)觀探源》,北京,社會(huì)科 學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社,2005。 [8] 孫振棟,《同性戀者人權(quán)保護(hù)問(wèn)題研究》,梁慧星主編《民商法論叢》(第 24 卷),香港,香港金橋出版社,2002。 [9] 王黎喜,《案例舉要影印系列——家庭法》,袁婉君主編,北京,中信出 版社,2003。 [10] 王森波:《同性婚姻法律問(wèn)題研究》,北京,中國(guó)法制出版社,2012。 [11] 王希,《原則與妥協(xié):美國(guó)憲法的精神與實(shí)踐》(增訂版),北京,北京 大學(xué)出版社,2014。 [12] 邢飛,《中國(guó)“同妻”生存調(diào)查報(bào)告》,成都,成都時(shí)代出版社,2012。 [13] 熊金才,《同性結(jié)合法律認(rèn)可研究》,北京,中國(guó)法律出版社,2010。 [14] 周安平,《性別與法律:性別平等的法律進(jìn)路》,北京,法律出版社,2007。 [15] 周丹,《愛(ài)悅與規(guī)訓(xùn):中國(guó)現(xiàn)代性中國(guó)性欲望的法理想象》,桂林,廣西 師范大學(xué)出版社,2009。 [16] 褚宸舸主編,《自由與枷鎖——性?xún)A向和同性婚姻的法律問(wèn)題研究》,北 京,清華大學(xué)出版社,2014。 (二)中文期刊: [1] 陳思, “淺析同性婚姻立法”,《經(jīng)濟(jì)與法》,2010 年第六期,32 頁(yè)-36頁(yè)。 [2] 陳璇,“ 走向后現(xiàn)代的美國(guó)家庭:理論分期與經(jīng)驗(yàn)研究”,《社會(huì)》,2008 年第四期,62 頁(yè)-68 頁(yè)。 [3] 陳陽(yáng),“傳統(tǒng)婚姻的顛覆性危機(jī)——關(guān)于同性婚姻立法的幾點(diǎn)思考”,《山 東社會(huì)科學(xué)》 ,2013 年第十一期,8 頁(yè)-10 頁(yè)。 [4] 陳陽(yáng),“荷蘭同性婚姻合法化探析”,《華中師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)》,2013 年第四 期,8-頁(yè) 9 頁(yè)。 [5] 竇冬辰,“淺析美國(guó)同性婚姻合法及對(duì)我國(guó)社會(huì)的影響”,《法制博覽》, 2016 年第二期,15 頁(yè)-16 頁(yè)。 [6] 杜曉明,“同性婚姻合法化探討”,《淮海工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版)》,2011 年第九期,7 頁(yè)-8 頁(yè)。 [7] 國(guó)慧霞,“我國(guó)婚姻合法化研究”,《工會(huì)博覽》,2009 年第八期,27 頁(yè)-31 頁(yè)。 [8] 郭曉飛,“中國(guó)同性戀者的婚姻困境:一個(gè)法社會(huì)學(xué)的視角”,《法制與社 會(huì)》 ,2009 年第四期,12 頁(yè)-18 頁(yè)。 [9] 何東平,“同性婚姻人權(quán)之維”,《福建論壇·人文社會(huì)科學(xué)版》,2010 年 第四期,4 頁(yè)-7 頁(yè)。 [10] 何東平,“中國(guó)對(duì)同性婚戀未來(lái)的立法:關(guān)注還是忽略”,《宜賓學(xué)院學(xué) 報(bào)》 ,2005 年第十期,10 頁(yè)-15 頁(yè)。 [11] 江振春,“‘溫莎案’與美國(guó)同性婚姻歷史進(jìn)程”,《河南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)》 2014 年第二期,4 頁(yè)-8 頁(yè)。。 [12] 李良才,“荷蘭同性婚姻的國(guó)際私法問(wèn)題”,《蘭州學(xué)刊》,2010 年第七 期,19 頁(yè)-22 頁(yè)。 [13] 劉國(guó)生,“各國(guó)(地區(qū))同性戀立法與司法概況”,《法律與醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》, 2005 年第四期,10 頁(yè)-14 頁(yè)。 [14] 劉旭東,“透過(guò)國(guó)際人權(quán)法和部分國(guó)家立法審視中國(guó)同性戀現(xiàn)狀及建議”, 《中國(guó)性科學(xué)》 ,2011 年第九期,23 頁(yè)-26 頁(yè)。 [15] 馬敏,“同妻離婚的法律困境及其克服”,《法制博覽》,2015 年第 一期,11 頁(yè)-13 頁(yè)。 [16] 孫媛媛,“論美國(guó)同性婚姻合法性——兼論美國(guó)性道德觀念與婚姻制度 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)”,《法制與社會(huì)》,2008 年第三期,9 頁(yè)-11 頁(yè)。 [17] 譚建紅,“初探我國(guó)同性婚姻規(guī)制缺位下的法律適用尷尬”,《經(jīng)濟(jì)與法》, 2010 年第三期,20 頁(yè)-23 頁(yè)。 [18] 王琳,“論平等保護(hù)條款與嚴(yán)格審查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的運(yùn)用——從美國(guó)聯(lián)邦最高法 院對(duì)種族歧視案件的一系列裁定出發(fā)”,《河南公安高等專(zhuān)科學(xué)校學(xué)報(bào)》,2008 年第五期,5 頁(yè)-8 頁(yè)。 [19] 楊乾,“同性戀與社會(huì)意識(shí)的沖突”,《理論觀察》,2007 年第三期,14 頁(yè)-16 頁(yè)。 [20] 張世彥,“歐洲同性戀立法動(dòng)態(tài)的比較考察”,《比較法研究》,2004 年 第二期,34 頁(yè)-37 頁(yè)。 [21] 余軍,“正當(dāng)程序:作為概括性人權(quán)保障條款——基于美國(guó)聯(lián)邦最高法 院司法史的考察”,《浙江學(xué)刊》,2014 年第六期,21 頁(yè)-25 頁(yè)。 [22] 鄭華,“芻議我國(guó)同性戀者婚姻權(quán)的法律規(guī)制模式”,《牡丹江教育學(xué)院 學(xué)報(bào)》 ,2011 年第四期,6 頁(yè)-9 頁(yè)。 [23] 周安平,“解構(gòu)婚姻的性別基礎(chǔ)”,《北大法律評(píng)論》,2004 年第一期, 15 頁(yè)-21 頁(yè)。 (三)學(xué)術(shù)論文 [1]艾燕,《中國(guó)同性戀權(quán)利與立法思考》,重慶大學(xué) 2008 年碩士論文。 [2] 韓尉,《論對(duì)同性戀者權(quán)利的保護(hù)》,中國(guó)政法大學(xué) 2010 年碩士論文。 [3] 勞茜,《試析美國(guó)同性婚姻合法化歷程》,西南大學(xué) 2013 年碩士論文。 [4] 聞佳,《同性婚姻的憲法保障與法律困境》,中國(guó)人民大學(xué) 2010 年碩士 論文。 [5] 曾校軍,《同性婚姻立法研究》,山東大學(xué) 2008 年碩士論文。 (四)中文譯著、期刊 [1] (德)M.特斯克爾,“歐洲同性戀立法動(dòng)態(tài)的比較考察”,鄧建中譯,《比 較法研究》 ,2004 年第二期,,37 頁(yè)-41 頁(yè)。 [2] (奧)曼弗雷德·諾瓦克,孫世彥、畢小青譯,《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國(guó)際公約評(píng)注》,北京,三聯(lián)書(shū)店出版社,2008。 [3] (英)克萊爾·奧維、羅賓·懷特,何志鵬、孫璐譯,《歐洲人權(quán)法—— 原則與判例》(第三版),北京,北京大學(xué)出版社,2006。 (五)英文著述 [1] Clare Ovey, Robin White, The European Convention on Human Rights , Oxford University Press, 2006. [2] Edward Stein, L a w , S e x u a l O r i e n t a t i o n , a n d G e n d e r , Oxford University Press, 2002. [3] Evan Gerstman, The Constitutional Underclass, Gays, Lesbians, and the Failure of Class - Based Equal Protection , University of Chicago Press, 1999. [4] Kees Waldijk, Matteo Bonini-Baraldi, S e x u a l O r i e n t a t i o n Discrimination in the European Union: National Laws and the Employment Directive , The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2006. [5] Robert Winternute, Sexual Orientation and Human Rights, Clarendon Press, 1997. [6] William N. Eskridge, The Case for Same - Sex Marriage: From Sexual Liberty to Civilized Commitment , The Free Press, 1996. (六)英文期刊 [1] Andreas Gross, Legal R ecognition of Same - sex Partnerships in Europe: Freedom of Assembly and Expression for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered Persons in Member States , ECLJ, 2008. [2] Belluck, Pam, M a r r i a g e b y G a y s G a i n s B i g V i c t o r y i n Massachusetts . New York Times. 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[10] Johnson P., An Essentially Private Manifestation of Human Personality: Constructions of Homosexuality in the European Court of Human Rights . Human Rights Law Review, 2010. [11] Justice Sandra Day O ’ Connor, K e y n o t e A d d r e s s B e f o r e t h e Ninety - S i x t h A n n u a l M e e t i n g o f t h e A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w , Am. Soc’y Int’l L. Proc., 2002. [12] Kenji Yoshino, New Equal Protection , Harvard Law Review, 2011, 124. [13] Moran L. The homosexuality of law . Routledge, 1996. [14] Robert J. Hume Ph.D., Courthouse Democracy and Minority Rights: Same - Sex Marriage in the States, OUP USA, 2013. [15] Tobin B. Same - sex couples and the law: recent developments in the B r i t i s h I s l e s . International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 2009. (七)司法判例: [1] ECtHR, Goodwin v. UK , application no. 28957/95,judement of 2002, [2] ECtHR, Karner v. Austria , application no.40016/98, judgment of 11 September 2003. 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[13] Supreme Court of the United States, Loving v. Virginia , 388 U.S. 1, judgment of 1967. [14] Supreme Court of the United States, Rid John Baker v. Gerald R., 291 Minn. 310, 191 N.W.2d 185, judgment of 1971. [15] Supreme Court of the United States, Turner v. Salfly , 482 U.S. 78, judgment of 1987. [16] Supreme Court of the United States, Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S.____,judgment of 2015. [17] Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Windsor , 570 U.S. 12, judgment of 2013. [18] Supreme Court of the United States, Washington v. Glucksberg , 521 U.S. 702, judgment of 1997. *


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