【摘要】： 合理期待原則是美國保險(xiǎn)法中一種新興的保險(xiǎn)合同解釋原則,該原則是指當(dāng)保險(xiǎn)合同當(dāng)事人就合同內(nèi)容的解釋發(fā)生爭議之時(shí),法院可以忽略合同的明示條款規(guī)定,而以被保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)于合同締約目的的合理期待為出發(fā)點(diǎn)對(duì)保險(xiǎn)合同進(jìn)行解釋。 本文采用歷史分析和比較分析的研究方法,參閱大量的英文資料,從分析保險(xiǎn)合同的附合性入手,首先分析了該原則產(chǎn)生的理論基礎(chǔ)及與傳統(tǒng)合同解釋原則的關(guān)系。保險(xiǎn)合同作為一種典型的附合合同,對(duì)保險(xiǎn)人和被保險(xiǎn)人雙方都有利。然而也存在弊端。因?yàn)楦胶虾贤ǔＳ奢^強(qiáng)的一方起草后,提供給選擇余地很少并且談判力量較弱的一方。在合同簽訂過程中,雙方并不享有平等的談判磋商能力,對(duì)保險(xiǎn)合同中的某些特殊條款和排他條款,保險(xiǎn)人基于各種原因,可能并不知情,因此會(huì)給被保險(xiǎn)人帶來特殊的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在保險(xiǎn)交易實(shí)踐中,被保險(xiǎn)人通常是沒有專業(yè)知識(shí)的普通消費(fèi)者,大部分保險(xiǎn)合同所采用的營銷方式使得消費(fèi)者在購買保險(xiǎn)合同之前根本沒有機(jī)會(huì)閱讀保險(xiǎn)條款。而且,保險(xiǎn)條款的用語大多是冗長的,難懂的,被保險(xiǎn)人不愿意去閱讀,甚至即使是閱讀了,可能也無法完全理解。如果被保險(xiǎn)人不知道或應(yīng)該不知道其所期待的保險(xiǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不屬于保險(xiǎn)人的承保范圍,而且這種對(duì)保險(xiǎn)范圍的期待符合一個(gè)理性的外行人的合理的期待,那么合理期待原則應(yīng)當(dāng)適用。而且,為了追求公正,法院也寧愿從被保險(xiǎn)人的合理期待出發(fā)來解釋保單條款,保護(hù)被保險(xiǎn)人在保險(xiǎn)合同中免受不公平和意外條款。傳統(tǒng)的合同法理論,如疑義利益解釋、顯示公平、禁止反言等原則,已經(jīng)不能有效的保護(hù)消費(fèi)者免受這些危險(xiǎn)。盡管法院經(jīng)常運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)手段解釋某些合同條款中顯然沒有的含義并且不允許非消費(fèi)者一方過于苛刻,但是他們還是沒有辦法解決根本問題。附合合同的真正問題是較弱的一方并不同意所有的合同條款。合理期待原則作為一種“事后救濟(jì)機(jī)制”,是對(duì)保險(xiǎn)人締約說明義務(wù)不足或缺失時(shí)的一種補(bǔ)充救濟(jì)措施。它并不否認(rèn)合同自由,而是以承認(rèn)保險(xiǎn)合同附合性為前提,突破保險(xiǎn)合同表面上的形式正義,忽略合同條款中的明示條款,而依被保險(xiǎn)人的內(nèi)心的合理期待來強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行,從而達(dá)到在保險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)質(zhì)正義。 本文也對(duì)合理期待原則在美國的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)進(jìn)行了梳理,選取其中比較有代表性的兩個(gè)州,愛荷華州和亞利桑那州,通過大量的案例對(duì)其適用和限制條件進(jìn)行了重點(diǎn)論述。近40年在美國,合理期待原則得到了很大的發(fā)展,法院在很多經(jīng)典案例中援引合理期待原則對(duì)被保險(xiǎn)人予以保護(hù)。但是,合理期待原則的適用也是有一定限制條件的,通常有以下五種情況:(1)保險(xiǎn)人已盡到充分告知義務(wù);(2)被保險(xiǎn)人的締約能力與保險(xiǎn)人相當(dāng);(3)被保險(xiǎn)人具備相當(dāng)?shù)谋ｋU(xiǎn)專業(yè)知識(shí)并知悉保單限制條款內(nèi)容;(4)保險(xiǎn)人與被保險(xiǎn)人就“個(gè)別商議條款”協(xié)商一致:(5)屬引用制定法或行政法規(guī)制定條款時(shí),合理期待原則不能被適用。 盡管合理期待原則自提出至今,學(xué)界就爭論不止,反對(duì)者和贊成者各持己見,但無論如何,該原則的提出,都為法院提供一種解決保險(xiǎn)合同中未知的排除條款問題的有效途徑和保護(hù)被保險(xiǎn)人及受益人利益的有力工具,使保險(xiǎn)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)之法律機(jī)制更趨完善與縝密。而且,也促使保險(xiǎn)業(yè)界掀起一場(chǎng)“悄悄的自我革命”,通過改良保險(xiǎn)品種、重新設(shè)計(jì)保單內(nèi)容、盡量以清晰的語言擬定條款等方式,自覺地顧及和維護(hù)保險(xiǎn)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益。通過本文的研究,旨在對(duì)美國保險(xiǎn)法的合理期待原則有更加全面深入的了解,對(duì)保險(xiǎn)立法研究者有所裨益和參考。
[Abstract]:The principle of reasonable expectation is an emerging policy interpretation principle in the American Insurance Law, which means that the court can ignore the express clauses of the contract when the parties of the insurance contract dispute the interpretation of the contract contents. In the light of the reasonable expectation of the insured for the purpose of the contract, the insurance contract will be explained. In this paper, the research methods of historical analysis and comparative analysis are used in this paper. In this paper, a lot of English materials are consulted, and the theoretical basis of the principle and the principle of the interpretation of the traditional contract are first analyzed from the analysis of the conformability of the insurance contract. The relationship between the insurer and the insured as a typical co-operation contract. It's all right. But it's still. In practice, because the contract is usually drafted by a stronger party, there is little room for choice and the negotiation power is weak On the other hand, in the course of the signing of the contract, the parties do not have equal negotiation and negotiation capacity, and the insurer may not be aware of certain special provisions and exclusive clauses in the insurance contract, and the insurer may not be aware of the various reasons, so that the insured can bring special benefits to the insured. In the practice of insurance trade, the insured is usually a general consumer with no professional knowledge. Most of the marketing methods used by the insurance contract make the consumer not have the opportunity to read the insurance policy at all before the insurance contract is purchased. The term of the insurance clause is mostly long, hard to understand, the insured is not willing to read, even if it is read, it may not be finished. It is to be understood that if the insured does not know or should not be aware of the extent to which the insurance risks are not to be covered by the insurer and that such a range of insurance is expected to meet a reasonable expectation of a reasonable layman, the principle of reasonable expectation shall When applicable, and in order to pursue justice, the court would prefer to explain the terms of the policy from the reasonable expectation of the insured, to protect the insured from unfair and meaning in the insurance contract The traditional contract law theory, such as the principle of the explanation of the interests of the doubt, the display of fairness, the prohibition of anti-speech, etc., can not effectively protect the consumers from this Some dangers. Despite the fact that the courts often use traditional means to interpret the meaning of certain contractual terms and do not allow the non-consumer to be too harsh, they still have no means to resolve the root The problem is that the real problem of the attached contract is that the weaker party does not agree to all the The principle of reasonable expectation, as a kind of 鈥減ost-post relief mechanism鈥，

本文編號(hào)：2374621