本文關(guān)鍵詞：論英國1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        公共衛(wèi)生問題是城市化進(jìn)程中重要的社會問題,公共衛(wèi)生政策也是公共政策最重要的方面。公共衛(wèi)生不僅關(guān)系到城市的健康發(fā)展,更關(guān)乎到社會秩序的穩(wěn)定和諧。自工業(yè)革命以來,社會經(jīng)濟(jì)高速的發(fā)展使得城市化過程加速推進(jìn),各種社會問題由此產(chǎn)生,其中公共衛(wèi)生問題尤其嚴(yán)峻。19世紀(jì)三、四十年代,面對如此嚴(yán)峻的公共衛(wèi)生問題,在一大批公共衛(wèi)生改革者的推動下,英國議會通過《1848年公共衛(wèi)生法》,法案標(biāo)志著中央政府開始放棄自由主義的原則,突破地方自治的傳統(tǒng),通過立法手段對公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行干預(yù),法案在供水、排污、垃圾處理、住房等問題上規(guī)定了政府的責(zé)任和義務(wù)；設(shè)立英國歷史上第一個公共衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)——中央衛(wèi)生委員會,對公共衛(wèi)生進(jìn)行國家層面的管理和監(jiān)督。因此,法案為英國公共衛(wèi)生改革運(yùn)動開辟了道路,確立了發(fā)展的方向。本文分為三章,主要內(nèi)容如下：第一章主要闡述1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》頒布的背景,圍繞著城市環(huán)境、疾病和當(dāng)時的公共衛(wèi)生管理三方面展開,結(jié)合史料總結(jié)19世紀(jì)上半葉英國公共衛(wèi)生狀況特征,從城市生活環(huán)境、工作環(huán)境和城市自然環(huán)境三方面,分層次、多角度的介紹這一時期惡劣的城市衛(wèi)生狀況。以探求導(dǎo)致19世紀(jì)三、四十年代公共衛(wèi)生改革的深層次原因。接著闡述19世紀(jì)上半葉英國社會的疾病與健康狀況,分別介紹這一時期傳染病、流行病和職業(yè)病的爆發(fā)情況,并且指出其與公共衛(wèi)生狀況之間的因果關(guān)系。在此基礎(chǔ)上闡述這一時期英國的公共衛(wèi)生管理機(jī)構(gòu)和運(yùn)行狀況,指出這種傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)社會的管理體系不能滿足工業(yè)化社會的要求。第二章主要論述19世紀(jì)三、四十年代的公共衛(wèi)生改革運(yùn)動和1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》的制定過程。首先論述19世紀(jì)三、四十年代公共衛(wèi)生改革運(yùn)動的興起、發(fā)展和取得的成果,指出改革運(yùn)動為公共衛(wèi)生法案的提出奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的社會基礎(chǔ),運(yùn)動中涌現(xiàn)出的各種公共衛(wèi)生思想成為公共衛(wèi)生議案內(nèi)容的主要來源。其次,闡述1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》的提出及其主要內(nèi)容,莫派斯議員1847-1848年兩次向議會提交公共衛(wèi)生議案,議案集中體現(xiàn)了查德威克的公共衛(wèi)生思想,即國家加強(qiáng)對公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的干預(yù),實(shí)行中央集權(quán)化的管理。最后一部分介紹了在法案在議會辯論過程中焦點(diǎn)問題。地方勢力、自由主義者強(qiáng)烈地反對議案,與公共衛(wèi)生改革的支持者在議案進(jìn)行激烈的辯論,迫使議案極大地弱化了中央集權(quán)的傾向。第三章在前兩章的基礎(chǔ)之上,討論了法案的影響和評價問題。首先,從微觀的角度介紹了衛(wèi)生委員會領(lǐng)導(dǎo)治理霍亂情況及其取得的成果；接著從中觀的角度闡述法案初步建立國家衛(wèi)生體系；其次,從宏觀的角度上論述了法案開創(chuàng)了國家干預(yù)公共衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的模式這一深遠(yuǎn)的意義。最后,從積極和消極兩個方面來客觀的評價法案,給法案做歷史定位。最后,總結(jié)了1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》立法的源起、過程和結(jié)果,在此基礎(chǔ)之上討論進(jìn)入工業(yè)化社會國家在公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域應(yīng)該履行的職責(zé)。

    Public health is an important social problem in the process of urbanization. The public health policy is also one of the most essential aspects of public policy. Public health is not only related to the urban development, but also to the stability of the social order and harmony. Since the industrial revolution, the rapid development of social economy has accelerated the urbanization process greatly, resulting in various social problems, among which the problem of public health is especially serious. During1830s and1840s, facing such a severe public health problem, driven by a large number of public health reformers, the British Parliament passed the1848Public Health Act which marks the central government began to abandon the principles of Laissez-Faire, breaking with the tradition of local self-governance by means of legislative interventions in the field of public health. With respect to water supply, sewage, waste disposal, housing and other issues, the act specifies the responsibilities and obligations of the government. The act also establishes the first public health agency in British history-the Central Health Committee, managing and supervising public health at the national level. Therefore, the act has stricken a way for the British public health reform movement by establishing the direction of its development in the future. This paper is divided into three chapters and their main contents are as follows:The first chapter mainly elaborates the background of the1848Public Health Act which focuses on three aspects:urban environment, disease and the public health management at the time. The paper summarizes the characteristics of British public health conditions, combining historical materials, which are classified into three aspects:living, working and natural environment in the cities. The severe health status in cities is introduced in multi-layers and multi-angles in order to seek deep reasons for the public health reform movement during1830s and1840s. Then the author describes the disease and health conditions of British society in the first half of19th century by separately introducing the infectious diseases, epidemics and occupational diseases of this period, therefore points out their relationship with the public health situations. Based on the argument above, the paper describes the British public health administrative organizations and their operating situations and points out that this management system of traditional agricultural society cannot meet the requirements of an industrialized society.The second chapter mainly discusses the public health reform movement in1830s and1840s and the making process of the1848Public Health Act. First of all, the author introduces the origin, development and achievement of the public health reform movement during1830s and1840s. The paper also illustrates thoroughly the solid social basis of the1848Public Health Act established by this reform movement and how various thoughts on public health springing from the movement became the main resource of the content of the1848Public Health Act. Second the paper describes how the1848Public Health Act was put forward and its main content. Mopaths submitted the bill of the public health to the Parliament twice in1847-48which embodies Chadwick’s thought on public health---to strengthen national intervention in the field of public health and realize centralized management. The last part of the chapter introduces the debate on this bill in the Parliament. Local forces and liberals strongly opposed the bill and they heatedly debated with the supporters of public health reform, which greatly weakened the centralization tendency of the bill.On the basis of the first two chapters, Chapter Ⅲ discusses the impact and evaluation of the1848Public Health Act. First of all, from the point of micro view, how the health committee led the management of cholera and its achievements are introduced. Then from the perspectives of medium level, how the1848Public Health Act preliminarily established the national health system is elaborated. Furthermore, from a macro point of view, the author summarizes the profound significance of this act that it has created a mode of state intervention in public health. Finally, from both positive and negative aspects, the author evaluates the act objectively and ensures its historical position.The conclusion part summarizes the legislation’s origin, process and result of the1848Public Health Act, based on which the author discusses the state’s duties in the field of public health when the country entered into an industrial society.

          論英國1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》

中文摘要3-5Abstract5-7導(dǎo)言9-17    一、研究源起9    二、研究狀況9-15    三、研究方法15-16    四、研究意義16-17第一章 19世紀(jì)英國前半期公共衛(wèi)生狀況17-33    第一節(jié) 城市環(huán)境與公共衛(wèi)生狀況17-23    第二節(jié) 19世紀(jì)前期英國的疾病與健康狀況23-28    第三節(jié) 19世紀(jì)前半期英國公共衛(wèi)生的管理狀況28-33第二章 公共衛(wèi)生改革的興起和1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》的通過33-59    第一節(jié) 19世紀(jì)三、四十年代的公共衛(wèi)生改革運(yùn)動33-44    第二節(jié) 1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》的提出和主要內(nèi)容44-51    第三節(jié) 法案在議會辯論過程中的焦點(diǎn)問題51-59第三章 1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》的影響及評價59-70    第一節(jié) 改善公共衛(wèi)生狀況59-62    第二節(jié) 初步構(gòu)建英國公共衛(wèi)生體系62-64    第三節(jié) 開創(chuàng)國家干預(yù)公共衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的模式64-67    第四節(jié) 1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》的評價67-70參考文獻(xiàn)70-74后記74-75

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：論英國1848年《公共衛(wèi)生法案》，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。